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Verdun Ossuary and Cemetery, France. © 2015 John M. Shea
A Sanke postcard of a captured British Sopwith Triplane being wheeled along.
The department of the Marne in Champagne was some of the most contested land during the war, site of the initial German invasion, the Battle of the Marne, the First and Second Battles of Champagne, the Champagne-Marne Offensive, Rheims Cathedral, Épernay, Châlons, Vitry-le-Francois, Ste-Menehould, and Perthes-les-Hurlus (First Champagne).
Chosen Boy, a 1918 watercolor by Paul Klee. From Paul Klee: Early and Late Years: 1894-1940. © 2013 Moeller Fine Art
King Albert of Belgium decorates Willy Coppens, Belgium's Ace of Aces. Coppens describes this June 30, 1918 ceremony, in which he was awarded the Ordre de la Couronne in his memoir Flying in Flanders.
"— The 28th. The thousandth day of the war. We see a certain number of marriages between elderly, but wealthy, hospital nurses and blind soldiers. At first sight that seems shocking. But after all, the ladies will enjoy what they would not otherwise enjoy. And their husbands will never see the marks of age. . . .— One ought to say: One and a half million dead young men." ((1), more)
"[Royal Naval Air Service Sub-Lieutenant Robert A.] Little fought his way out of this melee right above Jasta 11's base, to share his victory with Minifie—who also returned. Interviewed later in life, Minifie explained, 'Yes, they nearly had me down on Douai aerodrome, about 200–300 fee off it. But luckily my Triplane was just that little shade faster than they were. I was going low for home, and they let me go and get a lead of about 500 yards on them. So that was that—they just couldn't catch me.' Minifie, Naval 1's youngest ace at age 19, went on to be the squadron's top Triplane pilot, scoring 17 of his 21-victory total in that type." ((2), more)
"Days later, the [Second Battle of the Aisne] resumed in earnest. On 30 April the Nineteenth Infantry Division launched a concentrated assault on Mont Blond and Mont Cornillet. To clear the way the artillery unleashed a 'cannonade more terrible than anything [Paul had] ever seen even at Verdun.' Indeed the barrage was so formidable that he wondered how the Germans could survive it; they certainly weren't returning fire. I think that everything that we are sending over to them they hardly have the time' to retaliate. Yet the infantry made little progress, gaining only five hundred meters of ground and suffering heavy losses." ((3), more)
"On 26 April Sir William Robertson wrote to Haig: 'It seems to me the right thing to do is to keep on fighting.' And Haig agreed; but he was in a dilemma. He wanted to launch his new offensive in the north, but he couldn't neglect the Arras front while the French were in their present disarray. As he informed the War Cabinet on 1 May: 'We cannot rely on adequate French offensive co-operation. The fact is deeply to be regretted, but it must be recognized. We must maintain the offensive for at least two or three weeks more.'" ((4), more)
"I hereby desire to mention in Corps Orders, Captain Declercq and 1st Class Sergeant-Pilot Willy Coppens, for the coolness, courage, and skill shown by them in the course of a reconnaissance over the enemy's lines on the morning of May 1st. Attacked suddenly by four enemy scouts, they succeeded, after a prolonged and unequal fight, in bringing back their machine, badly damaged by the enemy's fire." ((5), more)
(1) Entries from April 28, 1917 from the diary of Michel Corday, French senior civil servant, living and writing in Paris. The French offensive in the Second Battle of the Aisne, was already a failure when Corday wrote. Earlier in the month he wrote against jingoists who wanted the war to continue 'to victory' at all costs, against the censorship the government imposed on the French press, and in favor of those who could speak truth about the war, both as it was in progress and after it ended. Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914.
The Paris Front: an Unpublished Diary: 1914-1918 by Michel Corday, page 248, copyright © 1934, by E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publisher: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publication date: 1934
(2) On April 29, 1917 Manfred von Richthofen's squadron, Jasta 11, and Royal Naval Air Service Squadrons 1 and 8 were flying over the Arras battlefield when they began a dogfight sometime after 7:25 PM. Von Richthofen had already downed three planes, killing five men that day, his victories 49, 50, and 51. The Jasta included Manfred's brother Lothar, also an ace. Its planes were painted red. Von Richthofen was flying an Albatros DIII when he had his first encounter with the Sopwith Triplane, a fast and maneuverable British plane that would become the model for the Fokker Dr.I triplane von Richthofen later flew. Von Richthofen downed one of the Sopwith Triplanes for his 52nd victory. According to his biography, von Richthofen's father, a German cavalry officer, was visiting his sons on April 29. Australian pilot Robert Minifie flew with RNAS Squadron 1.
The Origin of the Fighter Aircraft by Jon Gutman, page 142, copyright © 2009 Jon Gutman, publisher: Westholme Publishing, publication date: 2009
(3) Excerpt from Martha Hanna's Your Death Would Be Mine, based on the letters of Paul and Marie Piread during World War I. On April 30, 1917, Paul Pireaud was serving with the 112th Heavy Artillery Regiment, his battery then attached to the Fourth Army, which was engaged in the Battle of the Hills, or the Third Battle of Champagne, attacking east of Reims in an action part of the Second Battle of the Aisne, itself part of Robert Nivelle's great spring offensive of 1917. Paul had fought in the Battle of Verdun in 1916.
Your Death Would Be Mine; Paul and Marie Pireaud in the Great War by Martha Hanna, page 205, copyright © 2006 by Martha Hanna, publisher: Harvard University Press, publication date: 2006
(4) Britain's Arras Offensive, part of the Franco-British Nivelle Offensive, commenced on Easter Monday, April 9, 1917. After a first day that saw the taking of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps and a British advance in other parts of the line, the British suffer heavy losses while achieving little more. French delays in launching their offensive — Second Battle the Aisne — led British Commander Douglas Haig to continue attacking to keep the Germans off balance. When the French attacked on April 16, their high hopes quickly came to little. They too suffered heavy losses, and a roundhouse blow to French morale that soon led soldiers to refuse to attack. Haig would get to execute his offensive 'in the north' in July. It would become the disastrous Battle of Passchendaele. William Robertson was Chief of Britain's Imperial General Staff.
Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras, 1917 by Jonathan Nicholls, page 192, copyright © Jonathan Nicholls [1990 repeatedly renewed through] 2011, publisher: Pen and Sword, publication date: 2010
(5) Entry from the Belgian Flying Corps Orders of May 2, 1917. Willy Coppens, who would become Belgium's leading ace with 37 victories, was in his first aerial combat the previous day, piloting a Sopwith One-and-a-Half Strutter two-seater. He had crossed the line at Ypres, flying at 10,000 feet, when he saw four German single-seat scouts climbing towards him. Watching them carefully, he missed the approach of four others. After four and a half minutes, the Germans inexplicably flew away. Coppens and his gunner/observer were uninjured, but 32 bullets had pierced their plane.
Flying in Flanders by Willy Coppens, page 79, publisher: Ace Books, publication date: 1971
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