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The wreck of the French airship Alsace shot down on October 2, 1915 at Rethel, France, about 40 km northeast of Reims.
Two Zouaves man an anti-aircraft gun, scanning the sky, in a 1915 advertising card for the aperitif Dubonnet. Title, Pigeon Shoot.
Serbian and Montenegrin uniforms, from a 1910 advertising card. From left to right: a soldier of the guard, an infantryman, a cavalryman, an artilleryman, and a general, all of the Serbian army, and three Montenegrin soldiers.
Postwar postcard map of the Balkans including Albania, newly-created Yugoslavia, expanded Romania, and diminished former Central Powers Bulgaria and Turkey. The first acquisitions of Greece in its war against Turkey are seen in Europe where it advanced almost to Constantinople, in the Aegean Islands from Samos to Rhodes, and on the Turkish mainland from its base in Smyrna. The Greco-Turkish war was fought from May 1919 to 1922. The positions shown held from the war's beginning to the summer of 1920 when Greece advanced eastward. Newly independent Hungary and Ukraine appear in the northwest and northeast.
Map showing the territorial gains (darker shades) of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece, primarily at the expense of Turkey, agreed in the Treaty of Bucharest following the Second Balkan War. Despite its gains, Bulgaria also lost territory to both Romania and Turkey.
"The troops were bombed all day, and although there were officers and men in this maze of trenches they were completely disorganized, and mixed, mainly owing to the heavy loss in officers and senior non-commissioned officers. It was beyond the power of human endeavor to collect and sort out the men for an organized attack. However, all through the 2nd, in the most gallant way our men, Northumberland Fusiliers and Welsh delivered individual bayonet and bomb attacks in their efforts to dislodge the Germans and to comply with orders." ((1), more)
"Our exit from Minsk was made to the deep, reverberating booming of our guns. An enemy plane was encircling Minsk and the anti-aircraft guns were giving it a warm reception. The aeroplanes had been troublesome of late, dropping incendiary bombs on many of the towns; Molodechno was said to have come off badly on more than one occasion. . . . When our guns started a vigorous attack on the winged intruder, [our neighbors] took leave of our party and retired in haste to their homes. The tiny speck in the sky still wheeled above the town, but the persistent challenge of the guns forced it to remain too high to gain any useful information about the town below. . . .We were all in rollicking mood; off to work and off to our beloved Division again and — most important of all — away from the irritating influence of Minsk. We felt like new beings! The Retreat was ended!" ((2), more)
"We are in camp on the vast endless plain. Military and horses all around. Lead gray clouds hang low on the horizon. The Danube marshes start here; the rich Hungarian plain melts into the immense stretch of reed. German infantry is marching southward with resounding steps. Under the wind the sedge bows weakly, as if everything must tremble at the roar of the heavy guns over the Danube." ((3), more)
"On the 26th September, General Sir Ian Hamilton, commanding at the Dardanelles, was ordered to prepare two divisions for despatch to Salonika; but as the French were sending one from his command, he did not consider he could spare so many, and eventually only one, the 10th Division, was taken from him. It arrived at Salonika on the 5th October, at the same time as the French 156th Division, a formation made up of the best elements of the French Corps at the Dardanelles." ((4), more)
"Commanded by Field Marshall Mackensen, who had proved himself one of the most capable German commanders in the war, the troops involved in the entire operation numbered, according to some estimates, 800,000 men. They had modern equipment and air cover. On 6 October the combined German and Austrian armies attacked with a powerful artillery barrage, and the first small groups were sent across the Danube and Sava. The main operation of forcing those rivers took place the next day. Serbia, for its part, was able to counter with 300,000 troops at the most, and these were mostly either newly mobilized or order soldiers drawn from the approximately 1,000-kilometre front and deployed all over to await attacks from the north, west, and east." ((5), more)
(1) 'Extract from the Loos Battle, 25th September, 1915' Taken from The History of the Cheshire Regiment in the Great War by Arthur Crookenden, Colonel of the Regiment', quoted in Phillip Warner's The Battle of Loos. With some artillery support and their first use of poison gas, the attacking British made some advances on the first day of the Battle, suffering heavy casualties. They continued the attack in the following days with little artillery support, no element of surprise, against a strengthening foe. 'The 2nd' is October 2.
The Battle of Loos by Philip Warner, page 154, copyright © Philip Warner 1976, publisher: Wordsworth Editions Limited, publication date: 2000 (originally 1976)
(2) Florence Farmborough, an English nurse serving with the Russian Red Cross, writing on October 3, 1915 (September 20 Old Style) at the end of the great Russian Retreat begun in May in the face of the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive. The 'irritating influence of Minsk' included prostitutes dressed as Red Cross nurses, and the assumption that many of the nurses went to the front for that purpose.
Nurse at the Russian Front, a Diary 1914-18 by Florence Farmborough, pp. 152, 153, copyright © 1974 by Florence Farmborough, publisher: Constable and Company Limited, publication date: 1974
(3) October 4, 1915 journal entry by Hungarian cavalryman Pál Kelemen, positioned on the Serbian border in preparation for the German and Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia.
The Beauty and the Sorrow: An Intimate History of the First World War by Peter Englund, page 169, copyright © 2009 by Peter England, publisher: Vintage Books, publication date: 2012
(4) When Bulgaria announced the mobilization of its military on September 22, 1915, Serbia asked its allies Great Britain and France for 150,000 troops. Greek Prime Minister Venizelos, a supporter of the Entente Allies requested the same. With the invasion of Gallipoli at a stalemate, the Allies freed troops to assist Serbia, landing at Salonica, Greece on September 5, believing Greece would join the Allies. Although the Prime Minister supported the Allies, Greek King Constantine, brother-in-law to German Kaiser Wilhelm, supported the Central Powers, and forced his Prime Minister to resign even as British and French troops from the Dardanelles came ashore.
The Great Events of the Great War in Seven Volumes by Charles F. Horne, page 405, copyright © 1920 by The National Alumnia, publisher: The National Alumni, publication date: 1920
(5) Serbia had defeated three Austro-Hungarian invasions in 1914, with heavy casualties on both sides, 163,000 of them Serbian. In the winter of 1914-1915, and in the absence of further attacks, the country suffered epidemics of spotted typhus, dysentery, and cholera, which killed an estimated 100,000 civilians, 35,000 soldiers, and 30,000 prisoners of war. Britain and France were able to supply Serbia with some medical and military supplies, and also supply Russia, through ally Montenegro on the Adriatic coast. Both Serbia and Russia were in desperate need. Since May 2, 1915, German General August von Mackensen had driven the Russians back hundreds of miles, and destroyed, for a time, their offensive capability in the joint German-Austro-Hungarian Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive. With Russia quiescent, German Commander-in-Chief Erich von Falkenhayn turned on Serbia. With Bulgaria about to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers, the defeat of Serbia would cut off a primary communication route between Russia and its allies, and would connect Germany and Turkey with a rail line from Berlin to Constantinople.
Serbia's Great War 1914-1918 by Andrej Mitrovic, pp. 144, 145, copyright © Andrej Mitrovic, 2007, publisher: Purdue University Press, publication date: 2007
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