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The Windmill site, near Mouquet Farm and Thiepval. After the village of Pozières fell in August, 1916, three Australian divisions sought to capture the Windmill site and Mouquet Farm. In seven weeks, the Australians lost suffered 23,000 casualties of whom almost 7,000 died. © 2013 John M. Shea
Looking like a model or a piece by Yves Tanguy, a photograph of part of the destroyed city of Lens, France dated September 18, 1918.
Gun turrets of Fort Douaumont in the rain, September 22, 2015. © 2015 John M. Shea
Map of the the Balkan Front — Germany's Southeast Front — with the mountain passes between Austria-Hungary and Romania. From the Reichsarchiv history of the wars in Serbia and Romania, Herbstschlacht in Macedonien; Cernabogen 1916.The capitals of Belgrade (Serbia), Bucharest (Romania), Sofia (Bulgaria), and Constantinople (Turkey) are prominent, as is Salonica, Greece, the Allied entry port into the country.
Uncle Sam weighs the lives lost in the German sinking of the Lusitania (and other ships, as seen on the horizon) to his cash flow from selling weapons and other supplies to the combatants, particularly the allies. The moneybags have tipped the scales. A 1916 postcard by Em. Dupuis.
"Another day arrived, and the men in Stuff Trench had to eat their 'iron rations,' for we could not supply them. We had also lost touch with our battalion doctor, who was somewhere towards Thiepval, that slight protuberance on rising ground westward; the bearers of the wounded had to find another way out; yet we were in possession of Stuff Trench, and the Australians southward held its continuation, Regina." ((1), more)
"Time was unnoticed. Night shaded into day. There was no dawn, no quickening, no radiance. A sullen sky, a flattened vault of ashen grey, . . . a wide and bare winter landscape of grey-green stubble stippled here and there with chrome-grey shell-holes, and scarred with trenches. Desolation reigns undisputed now, whatever revolution Spring may bring." ((2), more)
"The sight is horrendous, an ablaze cyclone fell on this land, excavated its soil, ripped it open, turned it upside down on every inch, nothing could resist our artillery and its terrible pounding. Lakes of mud and shell-holes are all that can be seen for miles around. Here and there, German corpses emerge, most of them horridly mangled up by pieces of shrapnel. Many comrades from preceding regiments also died on this battlefield. I run into a band of six Poilus from the regiment, lying on the ground, their eyes wide-open toward the sky, their faces darkened by the blast of shells." ((3), more)
"Aided by his heavy artillery, Mackensen smashed through the Roumanian Center with such force that the whole line westward to the Danube gave way. In rapid succession he captured Rasova, Madgidia and on October 25th, he crowned his offensive by the seizure of Cernavoda on the Danube. The Roumanians, after crossing the great bridge at this point, destroyed it, leaving Mackensen in possession of the railroad." ((4), more)
"At sea, German submarine sinkings were continuous: on October 28 the British liner Marina was torpedoed without warning off the Fastnet Rock. Eighteen passengers were drowned, among them six Americans. A United States steamer, the Lanao, was also sunk by a German submarine that day, off Portugal. Many observers wondered how long it would be before these sinking forced the United States to declare war on Germany. Two days earlier President Wilson had told the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce: 'I believe that the business of neutrality is over. The nature of modern war leaves no State untouched.'" ((5), more)
(1) Edmund Blunden, English writer, recipient of the Military Cross, second lieutenant and adjutant in the Royal Sussex Regiment, writing of the attack on Stuff Trench on October 21 and 22, 1916. The engagement between Thiepval and Pozières in the Battle of the Somme devastated Blunden's batallion. Of the location, Blunden wrote, 'Thiepval was vaguely gestured at on our left. Pozières had once been a village on our right.' Of Stuff Trench itself, he wrote this: 'Stuff Trench—this was Stuff Trench; three feet deep, corpses under foot, corpses on the parapet.'
Undertones of War by Edmund Blunden, page 124, copyright © the Estate of Edmund Blunden, 1928, publisher: Penguin Books, publication date: November 1928
(2) Extract from the entry for October 23, 1916 from the writings — diaries, letters, and memoirs — of Captain J.C. Dunn, Medical Officer of the Second Battalion His Majesty's Twenty-Third Foot, the Royal Welch Fusiliers, and fellow soldiers who served with him. The Battalion was then serving in the Somme sector, and moved into 'Serpentine Trench, a part of the captured Flers Line, in a fold between Ginchy and Morval.' Dunn's battalion attacked at 2:30 on the afternoon of the 23rd. After early reports of progress, 'the attack, like earlier attacks on the same ground, had failed.'
The War the Infantry Knew 1914-1919 by Captain J.C. Dunn, page 266, copyright © The Royal Welch Fusiliers 1987, publisher: Abacus (Little, Brown and Company, UK), publication date: 1994
(3) Soldier Roche of the 8th Battalion of the Colonial Infantry Regiment from Morocco quoted in Yves Buffetaut's The Battle of Verdun writing of the French advance on October 24, 1916 and recapture of Fort Douaumont, one of the main forts defending Verdun. The Fort had fallen to the Germans on February 25, 1916, in the first days of the Battle of Verdun, lightly defended by a garrison unaware the fort was at risk. Under intense bombardment since October 20, the German defenders had evacuated on the night of the 23rd after a French shell had ignited a fire inside the Fort. A small group of German soldiers re-occupied the Fort the morning of the 24th, but were easily overwhelmed by the French.
The Battle of Verdun by Yves Buffetaut, page 73, copyright © Ysec Éditions 2013, publisher: Ysec Editions, publication date: 2013
(4) Romania entered the war on August 27, 1916 by crossing the Transylvanian Alps and southern Carpathian Mountains into Transylvania in Austria-Hungary. Within a month, a German and Austro-Hungarian army was driving the invaders back into Romania while, across the small country to the east, a combined German, Bulgarian, and Turkish army under German General August von Mackensen had driven the Romanians back in Dobrudja, a region between the Danube River and the Black Sea. After a pause, Mackensen recommenced his attack on October 25.
King's Complete History of the World War by W.C. King, page 257, copyright © 1922, by W.C. King, publisher: The History Associates, publication date: 1922
(5) In 1916 Germany's submarine warfare sank not only ships of its enemies, but also those within the war zone around the United Kingdom that Germany had declared on February 4, 1915. In some cases, the ships were neutral, but Germany claimed Britain false-flagged its ships, flying those of neutral countries. When he spoke in Cincinnati, President Woodrow Wilson was in the last days of a presidential campaign, and would be re-elected on November 7. Fastnet Rock is 13 kilometers off county Cork, the southwestern coast of Ireland.
The First World War, a Complete History by Martin Gilbert, page 292, copyright © 1994 by Martin Gilbert, publisher: Henry Holt and Company, publication date: 1994
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