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Mustapha Kemal Pasha, later Ataturk, from 'Four Years Beneath the Crescent' by Rafael De Nogales.
Italy's armed forces at the ready in a 1915 postcard. In the foreground the artillery, infantry, an Alpine soldier (in feathered hat), and a Bersaglieri (in plumed headgear). Behind them are a bugler and lancer; in the distance marines and colonial troops. The Italian navy is off shore, an airship and planes overhead. On the reverse are the lyrics of a patriotic Italian March by Angelo Balladori, lyrics by Enrico Mercatali. It ends with a call to the brothers of Trento and Trieste, Austro-Hungarian territory with large ethnic Italian populations.
Happy New Year 1915! Bonne année! The New Year shoots down the Old over Paris. 1914 is represented by a German Taube, the New Year is loosely based on a French Blériot.
Russian troops fleeing a solitary German soldier. The Russian First Army invaded Germany in August 1914, and defeated the Germans in the Battle of Gumbinnen on the 20th. In September the Germans drove them out of Russia in the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes. In September and October, a joint German, Austro-Hungarian offensive drove the Russians back almost to Warsaw. Illustration by E. H. Nunes.
A French trench grenade launcher with a team of four — an observer, one to man the catapult, and two managing the grenades. Photograph from 'Ambulance No. 10; Personal Letters from the Front,' by Leslie Buswell. Most of Buswell's book consists of his letters in June, July, and August, 1915. A volunteer corps, the American Ambulance Field Service had over 200 ambulances in the field in 1916.
"Thirty-six hours after our June success, at midnight in the night of June 29th-30th [1915], the Turks made a counter-attack, not at Cape Helles, where their men were shaken, but at Anzac, where perhaps they felt our menace most acutely. A large army of Turks, about 30,000 strong, ordered by Enver Pasha 'to drive the foreigners into the sea or never to look upon his face again,' attacked the Anzac position under cover of the fire of a great artillery. They were utterly defeated, with the loss of about a quarter of their strength, some seven to eight thousand killed and wounded." ((1), more)
"The regimental colours flutter freely. Silence. Then a trumpet sounds, the men bellow 'Savoy!' as from one throat, the band strikes up the Royal March. Carrying knapsacks that weigh 35 kilograms, the men attack up the steep slope, in the teeth of accurate fire from positions that the Italians cannot see. An officer brandishing his sabre in his right hand has to use his left hand to stop the scabbard from tripping him up. The men are too heavily laden to move quickly. Renato remembered the scene as a vision of the end of an era: 'In a whirl of death and glory, within a few moments, the epic Garibaldian style of warfare is crushed and consigned to the shadows of history!' The regimental music turns discordant, then fades. The officers are bowled down by machine-gun fire while the men crawl for cover on hands and knees. The battle is lost before it begins." ((2), more)
"June 29th. [1915] — In the Bois Grenier trenches, in relief of The Cameronians, the Battalion side-stepped slightly to the right in front of Touquet. The tour began with two days of rain, and a lot of explosive flying about, which did remarkably little damage. July 2nd — When we fired on an aeroplane the German retaliation with shells and rifle-grenades wounded only one man. The next July 3rd — two days were quiet. At night, on the right, the Germans introduced us to coloured signal rockets." ((3), more)
"Saturday, July 3, 1915.The imperial rescript which was published three days ago is causing great excitement. Everyone demands the immediate summoning of the Duma and some go so far as to claim that henceforward ministers shall be responsible to Parliament — a change which would mean nothing less than the end of autocracy.There is considerable unrest among the workmen. One of my informers, B———, has notified me of a recrudescence of socialist propaganda in the barracks, particularly in the Guards' barracks. The Pavlovsky and Volhynian regiments are said to be more or less contaminated." ((4), more)
"The feast was to start at seven o'clock, and nearly every soldier in all the regiments round here knew it was the American Fête Day. Suddenly at two o'clock commenced a tremendous artillery duel — the whole earth seemed to tremble and the noise of rifle fire almost drowned the explosions of shells — the Germans had attacked!. . . We all rushed to our cars to be ready for the call, and about six o'clock every car was ordered to X— — poor little village already badly enough damaged by the bombardment of a few hours before! We worked late and I got to bed at three-thirty, having carried some fifty wounded a distance of about ten kilometres — ten trips — two hundred kilometres! In all we carried away over three hundred and fifty crippled wrecks who three hours before were the pride of their nation and families!" ((5), more)
(1) In the Gallipoli campaign, British, Indian, and French forces faced the Turkish lines on the end of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Further north, the Turks contained the invaders at Anzac Cove, the beachhead held by the ANZACs, the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps, where as little as 30 yards separated the lines. The Turkish attack was in reponse to those the Allies mounted on June 28, the primary one by the British at Helles and a diversionary one at Anzac Cove. Enver Pasha was the Turkish War Minister.
Gallipoli by John Masefield by John Masefield, pp. 92, 93, publisher: William Heinemann, publication date: 1916
(2) On July 1, 1915, the Italians failed in their attempt to seize Mount San Michele on the western side of the Carso plateau from the Austro-Hungarians. Renato di Stolfo was a junior officer in the initial attack. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy was of the House of Savoy. General Giuseppe Garibaldi was one of the leaders in the fight for Italian independence.
The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919 by Mark Thompson, page 90, copyright © 2008 Mark Thompson, publisher: Basic Books, publication date: 2009
(3) Entry covering June 29 to July 3, 1915 from the writings — diaries, letters, and memoirs — of Captain J.C. Dunn, Medical Officer of the Second Battalion His Majesty's Twenty-Third Foot, The Royal Welch Fusiliers. Troops rotated in and out of the front-line trenches, and the British moved to their right to take over more of the line previously held by the French. Touquet, Belgium is about five kilometers northeast of Armentières, France.
The War the Infantry Knew 1914-1919 by Captain J.C. Dunn, page 136, copyright © The Royal Welch Fusiliers 1987, publisher: Abacus (Little, Brown and Company, UK), publication date: 1994
(4) Entry for July 3, 1915 from the memoirs of Maurice Paléologue, French Ambassador to Russia. On June 27, 1915, the Russian press published an Imperial declaration that closed with the announcement that the Russian Council of the Empire (upper house) and the Duma (lower house) would meet in the immediate future. Russia's seemingly endless retreat before the combined forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary and their Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive, its enormous losses, and the government's continued failure to resolve the shortages of artillery, shells, rifles, and ammunition, increasingly undermined what faith nobles, workers, soldiers, and peasants had in their autocratic Emperor, Nicholas II. The Duma had been founded after the Russian Revolution of 1905. With the onset of the war, the Fourth Duma had dissolved itself, but was reconstituted in August, 1915.
An Ambassador's Memoirs Vol. II by Maurice Paléologue, pp. 24, 25, publisher: George H. Doran Company
(5) Excerpt from a letter written July 6, 1915, by Leslie Buswell recounting the previous days. A driver with the American Ambulance Field Service, a volunteer organization attached to the French Armies, Buswell was stationed at Pont-à-Mousson, France, north of Nancy. His small book is a lively account of his experiences and grim work between June 17, and October 1915. Each unit of the Service consisted of 20 to 30 ambulances. In 1916 over 200 cars were in service.
Ambulance No. 10; Personal Letters from the Front by Leslie Buswell, pp. 44, 45, copyright © 1915, and 1915, by Houghton Mifflin Company, publisher: Houghton Mifflin Company, publication date: 1916
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