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A gleeful Russian Cossack skewers Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph in Galicia, the Empire's northeastern region isolated from the rest of the country by the Carpathian Mountains. The caption is a play on words echoing the name of the mountain range in telling Franz Joseph, 'it seems your soldiers took to their heels.' After twin defeats in the Battles of Gnila Lipa and Rava Russka, the Austro-Hungarian Army lost the great fortress at Lemberg, and was being driven out of Galicia and back through the Carpathians. Russia's attempts to break through the Carpathians continued through April 1915, with heavy losses on both sides. The Austro-Hungarians, with German support, held.
Postcard of a German soldier guarding French POWs, most of them colonial troops, the colorful uniforms of a Zouave, Spahi, Senegalese, and metropolitan French soldier contrasting with the field gray German uniform. A 1915 postcard by Emil Huber.
Two Zouaves man an anti-aircraft gun, scanning the sky, in a 1915 advertising card for the aperitif Dubonnet. Title, Pigeon Shoot.
A stylish woman joins a line of Italian soldiers setting off. From a watercolor by Bianchi.
Australians at Anzac Cove, December 17, 1915, from 'Gallipoli' by John Masefield. The Allied completed evacuating their positions at Suvla Bay and Anzac Cove on December 19.
"March 22nd. [1915]The fortress is surrendering. The artillery fired up to 5 a.m. At 5.30 a.m. explosions were heard, at first separately, but later a regular hell was let loose. We opened the windows so that they should not be broken. The sun had already risen, and the plumes of smoke, lit up by the sun, presented a beautiful scene. The thunder and crash of the explosions went on uninterruptedly. It was impossible to get near a window; one was flung backwards. The panic became terrible. At every explosion the doors were blown open. Bridges, powder magazines, stores, everything was blown up in two hours. The Ruthenes were overjoyed at the Russian victory. We could no longer remain in the hospital, and for the first time we went out into the streets. Our soldiers were embracing the Austrian soldiers. In one place a ring had been formed, and our cavalry were dancing with the Ruthene women. All the footpaths were thronged with people." ((1), more)
"Behind the barbed-wire fence at Zossen — Zossen is one of the prisons near Berlin — there are some fifteen thousand men. The greater number are Frenchmen, droves of those long blue turned-back overcoats and red trousers, flowing sluggishly between the rows of long barracks, Frenchmen of every sort of training and temperament, swept here like dust by the war into common anonymity." ((2), more)
". . . far overhead a double-decker English aeroplane suddenly sailed over us. It seemed to be about six thousand feet above us, so high that the sound of its motors was lost, and its speed seemed but a lazy, level drifting across the blue. . . . we watched with peculiar interest the movements of this tiny hawk.. . . A little ball of black smoke suddenly puffed out behind that sailing bird, and presently a sharp crack of bursting shrapnel shell came down to our ears. Another puff of smoke, closer, one in front, above, below. They chased round him like swallows. In all the drab hideousness of modern warfare there is nothing so airy, so piquant, so pretty as this." ((3), more)
"So this is what these young soldiers had come to — here is the real thing. Drums beat, trumpets blare, the Klingelspiel jingles at the regiment's head, and with flowers in your helmet, and your wife or sweetheart shouldering your rifle as far as the station — and you should see these German women marching out with their men! — you go marching out to war. You look out of the window of various railway trains, then they lead you through a ditch into another ditch, and there, across a stretch of mud which might be your own back yard, is a clay bank, which is your enemy. And one morning at dawn you climb over your ditch and run forward until you are cut down." ((4), more)
"On the morning of March 26 [1915] we landed at the port of Gallipoli where the headquarters of the Third Corps had been for some time, and established temporary headquarters there.. . . The British gave me four full weeks before their great landing. They had sent part of their troops to Egypt and perhaps also to Cyprus. The time was just sufficient to complete the most indispensable arrangements and to bring the 3rd Division under Colonel Nicolai from Constantinople." ((5), more)
(1) Entry for March 22, 1915 from the diary of a captured Russian officer in Przemyśl, Austria-Hungary on the day the fortress city surrendered to the Russians. The city had been isolated and besieged in the autumn of 1914. In the final days of the siege the food rations for soldiers and civilians were repeatedly cut, but then increased for the soldiers who would soon be marched into captivity. Stanley Washburn, the official British witness with the Russian Army, reported that 40,000 civilians were in the city when it fell, and over 110,000 Austro-Hungarian men and officers were taken.
The Great Events of the Great War in Seven Volumes by Charles F. Horne, Vol. III, 1915, p. 105, copyright © 1920 by The National Alumnia, publisher: The National Alumni, publication date: 1920
(2) Excerpt from 'Two German Prison Camps' in Antwerp to Gallipoli by Arthur Ruhl, a journalist from the neutral United States. In February and March, 1915 Ruhl wrote from Berlin. Ruhl writes on that besides the French, Zossen holds Russians, French colonial troops from North Africa and French West Africa, Gurkhas, Sikhs, and other troops from British India, and a few British soldiers, although most of those were at Döberitz, another camp in greater Berlin. British civilians were imprisoned at Ruhleben, a Berlin racetrack where Ruhl, author of 1914's People and Ideas Of the Theatre To-day, saw the inmates perform George Bernard Shaw's 'Androcles and the Lion' for an audience that included the camp commandant.
Antwerp to Gallipoli by Arthur Ruhl, pp. 118, 119, copyright © 1916 by Charles Scribner's Sons, publisher: Charles Scribner's Sons, publication date: 1916
(3) Excerpt from 'In the German Trenches at La Bassée' in Antwerp to Gallipoli by Arthur Ruhl, a journalist from the neutral United States. In March, 1915 he traveled from Cologne, Germany to the front lines, arriving a few miles north of Neuve Chapelle, France, where the Battle of Neuve Chapelle had ended on March 12.
Antwerp to Gallipoli by Arthur Ruhl, pp. 132, 133, copyright © 1916 by Charles Scribner's Sons, publisher: Charles Scribner's Sons, publication date: 1916
(4) Excerpt from 'In the German Trenches at La Bassée' in Antwerp to Gallipoli by Arthur Ruhl, a journalist from the neutral United States. In March, 1915 he traveled from Cologne, Germany to the front lines, arriving a few miles north of Neuve Chapelle, France, where the Battle of Neuve Chapelle had been fought a few days before, ending on March 12. Ruhl points out that experience — a mere eight months into the war — shows that it is not worth keeping a trench unless the attack has taken at least 300 yards, and that the battalion will retire to try again another day if it has not achieved that standard.
Antwerp to Gallipoli by Arthur Ruhl, pp. 137, 138, copyright © 1916 by Charles Scribner's Sons, publisher: Charles Scribner's Sons, publication date: 1916
(5) On March 24, 1915, six days after the failure of the Anglo-French attempt to force the Dardanelles in a naval assault, Turkish War Minister Enver Pasha asked German General Otto Liman von Sanders to take command of the Turkish Fifth Army and organize it to defend the Dardanelles.
Five Years in Turkey by Liman von Sanders, pp. 57, 58, publisher: The Battery Press with War and Peace Books, publication date: 1928 (originally)
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