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Allied Commanders Henri Philippe Pétain, Douglas Haig, Ferdinand Foch, and John J. Pershing. Foch was Allied Commander in Chief, the other men commanders of the French Army, the British Expeditionary Force, and the American Expeditionary Force respectively. From The Memoirs of Marshall Foch by Marshall Foch.
A folding postcard from a pencil sketch of an unsuccessful Allied gas attack in Flanders.
Headstone of Private A.C. Thomas of the Royal Welch Fusiliers in Delville Wood Cemetery, Longueval, France. Thomas died July 20, 1916, aged 23. © 2014 John M. Shea
The Sword of Damocles dangling from a Zeppelin over the Tower of London and a cringing John Bull. By. A Johnson.
General Luigi Cadorna, chief of staff of the Italian Army
"Marshall Haig has embarked upon this giant offensive in Flanders at the risk of exhausting the entire British Army. They are in their eighth battle! The weather is becoming quite unfavourable. This operation has been badly staged: a narrow front, and a pivoting movement demanding an advance on the part of the right flank, which could not be realised. Furthermore, the enemy had time to bring all his reserves up to Flanders, as a result of the inaction of the French troops and the growing weakness of the Russian Army.Marshall Haig is supported in his obstinacy by several politicians who look upon this offensive from the standpoint of political advantages, which bear no relationship to the military point of view." ((1), more)
". . . [we] marched to Roulers, or, to give it its Flemish name, Roeselare. The town was in the early stages of destruction. There were still shops with goods in them, but the inhabitants were already living in their cellars, and the ties of bourgeois existence were being loosened by frequent bombardment. With the war raging on all sides, a shop window opposite my quarters containing, of all things, ladies' hats, seemed the height of absurd irrelevance. At night, looters broke into the abandoned houses." ((2), more)
"Dearest Robert, I am so glad you like Owen's poem. I will tell him to send you any decent stuff he does. His work is very unequal, and you can help him a great deal.Seeing you again has made me more restless than ever. My position here is unbearable, and the feeling of isolation makes me feel rotten. I had a long letter from Cotterill to-day. They had just got back to rest from Polygon Wood and he says the conditions and general situation are more bloody than anything he has yet seen. Three miles of morasses, shell-holes and dead men and horses through which to get the rations up. I should like the people who write leading articles for the Morning Post (about victory) to read his letter." ((3), more)
"The Thames we just dimly saw from the outline of the lights; two great railway stations I thought I saw, but the speed of the ship running almost before the gale was such that we could not distinguish much. We were half frozen, too, and the excitement was great. It was all over in a flash. The last bomb was gone and we were once more over the darkness and rushing onwards." ((4), more)
"As late as 20 October [1917], Cadorna did not expect an Austrian offensive before 1918. On the 21st, two Romanian deserters told the Italians the time and place of the attack. They, too, were ignored. Next day, Cadorna escorted the King to the top of Mount Stol, one of the ridges above Caporetto that link the Isonzo valley to Friuli. They agreed there was no reason to expect anything exceptional. On the 23rd, he predicted there would be no major attack, and said the Austrians would be mad to launch operations out of the Flitsch basin." ((5), more)
(1) Excerpt from the entry for October 17, 1917 from the diary of King Albert I of Belgium. British commander General Douglas Haig and his general Gough and Plummer continued attacks in the Third Battle of Ypres. British politicians, including Prime Minister David Lloyd George, expected Haig to fail, but did not stop him.
The War Diaries of Albert I King of the Belgians by Albert I, pp. 178 and 179, copyright © 1954, publisher: William Kimber
(2) German Lieutenant Ernst Jünger had fought in the first days of the Third Battle of Ypres, begun on July 31, 1917, but on August 10 was redeployed to the front southeast of Verdun where he was wounded in a trench raid in which he also lost 10 of his 14 comrades. After a leave, he returned to Flanders where Third Ypres ground on.
Storm of Steel by Ernst Jünger, page 192, copyright © 1920, 1961, Translation © Michael Hoffman, 2003, publisher: Penguin Books, publication date: 2003
(3) Excerpt from a letter dated October 19, 1917 from Siegfried Sassoon to the Robert Graves, a fellow soldier he had met at the end of 1915 as 'a young poet, captain in Third Battalion and very much disliked.' [p. 21] Sassoon was a British poet, author, Second Lieutenant in the Royal Welch Fusiliers, and recipient of the Military Cross for gallantry in action. Sassoon had been wounded in April, and by mid-June 15 had concluded that the war begun 'as a war of defence and liberation, [had] become a war of aggression and conquest.' In October he was at Craiglockhart, a psychiatric facility in Scotland, and under the care of W. H. R. Rivers. There he met the poet Wilfred Owen and edited some of his poems. Their relationship is the basis for Regeneration, the first book of Pat Barker's trilogy of the same name. Graves was the author of Goodbye to All That. Quartermaster Joe Cotterill had written of the Battle of Polygon Wood, a September 26 action in the Third Battle of Ypres.
Siegfried Sassoon Diaries 1915-1918 by Siegfried Sassoon, pp. 191 and 192, copyright © George Sassoon, 1983; Introduction and Notes Rupert Hart-Davis, 1983, publisher: Faber and Faber, publication date: 1983
(4) Description by a crew member of one of the Zeppelins that bombed London the night of October 19–20, 1917. The airships had set out to bomb Liverpool, Manchester, and Sheffield, but faced gale force winds at 16,000 feet. They had little idea of their position until their unexpected sighting of the British capital. Londoners had no idea of the airship's presence until bombs began exploding in the city — in Cricklewood, PIccadilly Circus, Camberwell, and Hither Green. The attack by the unseen, unheard airships became known as the 'silent raid.' It killed 31 and wounded 48 in London.
The First Blitz: Bombing London in the First World War by Ian Castle, page 96, copyright © 2015 Osprey Publishing Ltd., publisher: Osprey Publishing, publication date: 2015
(5) After suspending the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo on September 12, 1917, Italian commander in chief Luigi Cadorna went on vacation with his wife, returning on October 19. Despite the numerous reports of an imminent Austro-Hungarian offensive, Cadorna and Italian King Victor Emmanuel felt no cause for alarm or additional defensive measures. On October 24, German and Austro-Hungarian forces launched the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, the Battle of Caporetto.
The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919 by Mark Thompson, pp. 298–299, copyright © 2008 Mark Thompson, publisher: Basic Books, publication date: 2009
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