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Hanging on the wire: dead Russian soldiers entangled in barbed wire. Attacking infantry found it nearly impossible to overcome the combination of barbed wire and machine guns. Many died trying, some left hanging in the grip of the wire.
The Allies welcome Italy to the victory banquet, serving her Trento and Trieste. Turkey, Austria-Hungary, and Germany (the Central Powers) look in on the feast. The artwork is from the period between Italy's entry into the war on May 23, 1915, and Bulgaria's joining the Central Powers on October 14. It was a difficult year for the celebrants. Postcard by Aurelio Bertiglia.
A woman munitions worker carrying a shell apparently drops another one on the foot of a frightened man who clearly does not realize, as she does, that they are not in danger. No doubt his foot hurt.
A map of the Russian-Turkish front from Der Weltkrieg 1914-1918, a 1930s German history of the war illustrated with hand-pasted cigarette cards, showing the Turkish Empire in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas and the Persian Gulf. To the west is Egypt, a British dominion; to the east Persia. Erzerum in Turkey and Kars in Russia were the great fortresses on the frontier.
Map showing the territorial gains (darker shades) of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece, primarily at the expense of Turkey, agreed in the Treaty of Bucharest following the Second Balkan War. Despite its gains, Bulgaria also lost territory to both Romania and Turkey.
"— Over the last eighteen months the war has cost Europe 3,000 human lives every day, and an average of 350,000,000 francs. Nobody worries any longer about these astounding figures.— Despite the savage expectations of our patriotic madmen, soldiers still exchange friendly conversation between the trenches. Thus, one night, a German outpost asked a French sentry : 'Tell me, now, how does one go about it to establish a republic?'" ((1), more)
"As the result of strong pressure by General Alexeïey, the provision of rifles for the Russian army has materially improved.Present supplies are as follows :(1) Rifles in use at the front : 1,200,000.(2) Rifles landed at Archangel : 155,700.(3) Rifles landed at Alexandrovsk : 530,000.(4) Rifles ready for dispatch from England : 113,000. . . .Between now and the end of April the authorities are anticipating the arrival of a further 850,000 rifles.Unfortunately, the losses the Russian army has just suffered in Galicia are terrible—60,000 men ! At one point alone, Czartorysk, 11,500 men were blinded by a snowstorm and cut down to a man in a few minutes by the German artillery." ((2), more)
"'The Russians,' he declared, 'are behindhand. Their munitions factories are not working badly but their guns are below standard. The Russian Army consumes an incredible number of them. The port of Archangel is icebound; Murmansk is free, but the railway-line is not completed; a stretch of 200 kilometres remains to be built. The rifles and guns we sent to the Russians have to make an immense détour by Port Arthur which makes the journey at least three months. In short, the Russians, according to their own words, will not be ready before June, and in my opinion not before July.'We shall then launch a general offensive simultaneously on all fronts.'Until then we must wear down the enemy.'" ((3), more)
"The 21st. Visited the Renault factory. Thousands of women are working there on the testing and manufacture of shells and fuses. It is a painful spectacle to see women, in long rows before their lathes, making tiny machines for killing. Copper fuse rings, shrapnel bullets like pearls of steel—jewels of death." ((4), more)
"Meanwhile, the British Relief Army from India, under command of General Aylmer, was fighting its way along the desert to the relieft of Kut-al-Amara. On January 8th, this army defeated the Turks in two pitched battles at Sheikh Saad, and-by January 22d had advanced to Umm-el-Hanna, where the Turks were strongly intrenched. The British bombarded the position, but the Turkish reply was so effective that the British withdrew with heavy losses. General Aylmer was then succeeded in command by General Gorringe." ((5), more)
(1) January 18, 1916 entries from the diary of Michel Corday, a senior civil servant in the French government who was repeatedly appalled by the savage attitudes of his fellow citizens, particularly those on the home front.
The Paris Front: an Unpublished Diary: 1914-1918 by Michel Corday, page 134, copyright © 1934, by E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publisher: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publication date: 1934
(2) In the course of 1915, Russian industry had finally begun to meet the demands in weapons and shells of the war. The Russians had launched an offensive in eastern Galicia on December 27, 1915 expecting significant success, but improved weaponry could not overcome poor planning and preparation.
An Ambassador's Memoirs Vol. II by Maurice Paléologue, page 151, publisher: George H. Doran Company
(3) French Commander Joseph Joffre speaking to Albert, King of the Belgians, in a visit by the general on January 20, 1916. Albert suggested that the British 'hold the whole line defensively,' allowing the French to take the offensive. Joffre did not trust the British to take this on, but was preparing for a joint summer offensive with them on the Somme River. Murmansk and Archangel are on the Barents and White Seas, Port Arthur on the Pacific Ocean.
The War Diaries of Albert I King of the Belgians by Albert I, page 81, copyright © 1954, publisher: William Kimber
(4) Beginning of the January 21, 1916 entry from the diary of Michel Corday, a senior civil servant in the French government who contrasts the women workers with middle-class women who wonder if the soldiers at the front are 'still keen.'
The Paris Front: an Unpublished Diary: 1914-1918 by Michel Corday, page 136, copyright © 1934, by E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publisher: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publication date: 1934
(5) Attempting to capture Baghdad, the British had captured Kut-al-Amara along the way, and continued their advance. In early December, 1915 they were forced back to Kut, where they were soon surrounded by superior Turkish forces. The increasingly beleaguered force awaited the Relief Army that was stopped on January 22, 1916.
King's Complete History of the World War by W.C. King, page 219, copyright © 1922, by W.C. King, publisher: The History Associates, publication date: 1922
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