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Embossed postcard of the flag and coins of Persia, with both nominal exchange rates and approximate trade values for major currencies including those of Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria Hungary, the Scandinavian Monetary Union, Russia, the Netherlands, and the United States.
The rulers of the Central Powers stumped by Verdun. Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary, Mohammed V of Turkey, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, and Czar Ferdinand of Bulgaria puzzle over a map labeled "Verdun." The ink and watercolor drawing is dated March 4, 1916. By R. DLC?The German assault on Verdun began on February 21, 1916 and continued through August.
A map of the Russian-Turkish front from Der Weltkrieg 1914-1918, a 1930s German history of the war illustrated with hand-pasted cigarette cards, showing the Turkish Empire in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas and the Persian Gulf. To the west is Egypt, a British dominion; to the east Persia. Erzerum in Turkey and Kars in Russia were the great fortresses on the frontier.
A boy saves his choice seat in a tree, anticipating the great victory parade on Bastille Day, 1916. Illustration by Abel Faivre.
View of the South African Memorial in Delville Wood, Longueval, France. © 2013 John M. Shea
"Intelligent leadership seems to be lacking in the [Turkish] Sixth Army in Irak. Halil Pasha is anything but an army leader. After the success of Kut-el-Amara, instead of attacking the British at Fellalieh and compelling them to evacuate at least a part of Irak, Halil Pasha ordered the very influential and shrewd, but tricky and German hating Ichsan Pasha, to advance to Kannikin and Kermanshah to reap cheap and exaggerated laurels against a few Russian cavalry regiments (about five) with a few battalions (two or three). The whole movement to Persia is a mere blow in the air, for success there cannot be durable and in the second place the pressure intended to be brought to bear on Persia, with its unreliable and unmilitary population, has not the slightest effect on the decision of the World War." ((1), more)
"Another massive attempt to get the advance moving again on 11–12 July, when more diphosgene shells were ready, briefly reawakened hops. Souville was almost cut off from French support and the gas cloud behind it stretched down to the streets of Verdun, as it had in June. A few troops managed to get on the roof of the fort, like Mangin's men at Douaumont in May, but, like Mangin's men, they were brushed off." ((2), more)
". . . the Russians had destroyed or captured fully a third of the Turkish Third Army — the units linked up against Lyyakhov alone lost 12,000 — and that defeat broke it as a fighting force. Now Yudenich need have no fear of it intervening on the left when he had to face Izzet's Second Army, as he knew he must in the weeks to come. His line was consolidated across the Pontic Alps from the Black Sea coast west of Trebizond to the Eastern Euphrates . . ." ((3), more)
"I'll pass over without comment, July 14 [Bastille Day, the French national holiday]. Only a supplemental ration of pinard and a slightly better bill of fare, which was more than made up for in the following week, barely distinguished this day from any other.We didn't even get any extra rest. In fact, our training course, which could hardly be postponed, began that very day.They introduced us to this new homicidal engine. . . ." ((4), more)
"On July 15[, 1916], the fight for Delville Wood began, the first of fifteen days' hand-to-hand fighting and ferocious artillery bombardments. The battle started when the 3,000 strong South African Brigade, of which Hugh Boustead was a part, was ordered to capture the wood. 'We moved forward through an orchard in single file, led by the platoon officer,' he later recalled. 'Smith, the Second Lieutenant, got through but the next seven who followed him were shot dead in a circle of a few yards, picked off by clean shooting without a murmur.'" ((5), more)
(1) Official report of German General Liman von Sanders on the incursion of Turkish troops into Persia. The Turks had besieged a British army at Kut-el-Amara at end of November, 1915, compelling its surrender on April 9, 1916. Rather than consolidating their position, or following up their success with an attack as Sanders suggests, the Turks indulged their expansionist fantasies with an incursion into Persia. The Russians had done the same previously, in part to assist the British in relieving the siege at Kut. Leader of a German military mission to Turkey in 1913, Liman von Sanders subsequently commanded Turkish forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula, in Syria, and in Palestine.
Five Years in Turkey by Liman von Sanders, page 134, publisher: The Battery Press with War and Peace Books, publication date: 1928 (originally)
(2) The Battle of Verdun, begun on February 21, 1916, continued. The Germans had first used the suffocating poison gas diphosgene in a June 22 attack at Fleury, but did not have enough shells to resume the next day. On July 11 they did, and again mounted a major assault on Verdun. One of the greatest of the forts defending the city, Douaumont had fallen on February 25. French General Mangin had fruitlessly tried to retake it in May, when his men made it atop the massive structure, but were soon wiped out.
The Road to Verdun by Ian Ousby, page 296, copyright © 2002 by The Estate of Ian Ousby, publisher: Anchor Books, publication date: 2003
(3) From his victory over the Turks in the Battle of Sarikamish in December, 1914 to January, 1915, through his methodical advance into eastern Turkey through July, 1916, Russian General Nicholai Yudenich has repeatedly defeated Turkish forces in the mountains between the Black Sea, Persia, and the Russian frontier. The largely Christian population had suffered through governmental attacks, particularly the Armenian genocide. On July 13, 1916, Yudenich and Vladimir Lyakhov defeated the Turks on the Kara-Su River at Kotur. With this victory, Yudenich threatened the Turkish heartland.
Eden to Armageddon: World War I in the Middle East by Roger Ford, page 170, copyright © Roger Ford 2010, publisher: Pegasus Books, publication date: 2010
(4) Excerpt from the notebooks of French Infantry Corporal Louis Barthas, July 14, 1916. Barthas' reserve regiment had served at Verdun in May, where it had suffered heavy casualties. With replacements, including boys from reform school, it was made an active regiment, the 296th, and served in Champagne. The 'new homicidal engine' Barthas was introduced to was a 37mm cannon intended for use against targets such as machine-gun nests. The trainees regard it, and its shell, 'barely bigger than a hen's egg,' with some disdain.
Poilu: The World War I Notebooks of Corporal Louis Barthas, Barrelmaker, 1914-1918 by Louis Barthas, page 230, copyright © 2014 by Yale University, publisher: Yale University Press, publication date: 2014
(5) British and French forces launched the Battle of the Somme on July 1, 1916, the British and Empire forces north of the Somme River, the French to the south. The French advanced rapidly on the first day, their ally more slowly and suffering terrible losses. On July 15, the British attacked at High Wood as the Union of South Africa troops began the assault at Delville Wood.
The First World War, a Complete History by Martin Gilbert, pp. 265-266, copyright © 1994 by Martin Gilbert, publisher: Henry Holt and Company, publication date: 1994
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