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Five British S.E. 5a biplanes in flight.
Headstone of Corporal P. Cotter of the Royal Irish Regiment, died September 3, 1916 at the age of 32, and buried in Delville Wood Cemetery, France. © 2013 John M. Shea
British postcard of a British pilot and observer with their mascot, a small dog, in their plane and ready for their flight over the German lines.
View of Jerusalem showing Jaffa Road with an inset photograph of British general Edmund Allenby who captured the city from the Turks on December 11, 1917.
The disparity in the number of nations arrayed against the Central Powers was a common motif, and was updated as the numbers on each side increased. Italy's entry into the war on May 23, 1915 changed the numbers again.Central Powers (top) Sultan Mohammed V of Turkey, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Kaiser Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary. Allies (center and bottom rows) Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, King George V of the United Kingdom, President Raymond Poincaré of France, King Nikola of Montenegro, King Peter of Serbia, King Victor Emmanuel of Italy, King Albert I of Belgium, Emperor Taishō of Japan.In the center, a poem: Drei gegen Acht, Three against Eight.
"The enemy also endeavors to sow dissension in our ranks by means of leaflets dropped from aëroplanes above our lines. Ten thousand of these are sometimes gathered up in a day. The enemy knows what strength resides in our State and Empire; hence he seeks by his leaflets and false rumors to arouse distrust among us. There have always been some traitors to the Fatherland, a few deliberately false, others unintentionally so. Most of these now reside in neutral countries, having deserted us to escape sharing in our battles and privations, and to escape being executed as traitors.Be on your guard, German soldiers." ((1), more)
"September 7th.—Surplus rejoined, bringing with them strong reinforcements of officers and men. They had been waiting close to Delville Wood. For one of them at least, the remains of Ale Alley, Beer and Stout Trenches, and the Sugar refinery at Ginchy held memories of the rough times our 1st Battalion had there in 1916." ((2), more)
"On the following day [the enemy] commenced to withdraw also from the east bank of the Somme, south of Péronne, and by the night of September 8 was holding the general line Vermand—Epehy—Havrincourt, and thence along the east bank of the Canal du Nord.The withdrawal was continued on the front of the French forces to our right.Throughout this hasty retreat our troops followed up the enemy closely. Many of his rearguards were cut off and taken prisoner; on numerous occasions our forward guns did great execution among his retiring columns, while our airmen took full advantage of the remarkable targets offered them. Great quantities of material and many guns fell into our hands." ((3), more)
"Allenby's order were issued on 9 September. As well as virtually all the available infantry and cavalry, every artillery piece in the theatre, 380 guns and 172 howitzers, would be employed, and ammunition was to be available on a scale hitherto unknown. In all, over six hundred lorries and tractor/trailer combinations would be available to haul ammunition and supplies and move heavy guns as required, and in order to facilitate their passage in the all-important coastal strip a total of ten bridges — all but two of them capable of taking 60-pounder guns — had been constructed over the Nahr el Auja between its mouth and Ferrikhiye, eleven kilometers inland. All six of the Royal Air Force's squadrons would be employed, and great store was set on securing German/Turkish aerodromes — especially that at Jenin — for their use as soon as possible." ((4), more)
"Marshal Foch's plan entailed the direct participation in favourable conditions of nearly the entire Belgian Army in an important phase of the general offensive. The Sovereign gave his consent when the Marshal came to La Panne on the 9th September to offer him, in agreement with Sir Douglas Haig, command of a combined force in which the preponderant role would be reserved to our troops. The constitution of the 'Flanders Army Group' was decided—it would include the Belgian Army and the Second British Army. The French Army would be represented by the 7th Corps of three divisions and the 2nd Cavalry Corps, as well as important reinforcements of artillery.On the following day, the 10th, at the Château de Bombom, the Marshal's residence, the King signified his approval and accepted as Major-General General Degoutte, who had distinguished himself at the head of the Sixth French Army." ((5), more)
(1) Excerpt from address issued September 6, 1918 by Marshal Paul von Hindenburg. Clearly indicating their concern, authorities would pay for propaganda leaflets that were turned in.
The Great Events of the Great War in Seven Volumes by Charles F. Horne, Vol. VI, 1918, p. 278, copyright © 1920 by The National Alumnia, publisher: The National Alumni, publication date: 1920
(2) Beginning of the entry for September 7, 1918 from the writings — diaries, letters, and memoirs — of Captain J. C. Dunn, Medical Officer of the Second Battalion His Majesty's Twenty-Third Foot, the Royal Welch Fusiliers, and fellow soldiers who served with him.
The War the Infantry Knew 1914-1919 by Captain J.C. Dunn, page 537, copyright © The Royal Welch Fusiliers 1987, publisher: Abacus (Little, Brown and Company, UK), publication date: 1994
(3) The ongoing attacks by the Allies did not allow the Germans time to consolidate their positions, forcing them to fall back repeatedly in attempts to hold a defensive position. The Allies increasingly commanded the air, and bombed and strafed ground forces, in some cases turning a retreat into a rout.
The Tank Corps by Clough Williams-Ellis & A. Williams-Ellis, page 238, publisher: The Offices of "Country Life," Ltd. and George Newnes, Ltd., publication date: 1919
(4) Under the command of General Edmund Allenby, the British entered Jerusalem on December 11, 1917, then continued advancing along the Mediterranean coast in Palestine. In an attack launched on March 8, Allenby tried but failed to take Nablus, attacking across the Jordan River at the same time. Further attacks were suspended after the success of Germany's Spring offensives made the Allied position on the Western Front desperate, and demanded men and materiel in France. With the ultimate German failure and the success of Allied offensives beginning in July, Allenby could resume his suspended campaign. He would do so on September 19.
Eden to Armageddon: World War I in the Middle East by Roger Ford, pp. 373–374, copyright © Roger Ford 2010, publisher: Pegasus Books, publication date: 2010
(5) Allied Commander-in-Chief Ferdinand Foch was preparing for offensives along the Western Front, from the North Sea to Verdun, all to launch at the end of September, 1918. Albert, King of the Belgians, would command the Flanders Army Group described, Douglas Haig the British forces, incorporating some American units. Henri Philippe Pétain commanded the French forces, still including some American units, and John J. Pershing the American First Army.
The War Diaries of Albert I King of the Belgians by Albert I, pp. 221–222, copyright © 1954, publisher: William Kimber
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