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German fighter pilot Max Immelmann at the site of his fourth victory on October 10, 1915. With 15 victories to his credit, Immelmann died on June 18, 1916, after brushing wingtips with a fellow pilot.

Map of the plan for the Allied Offensive in France showing the situation on September 24, the eve of the infantry assault. An Anglo-French would attack eastward in Artois (with the British at Loos) as the French attacked northwards in Champagne. From 'Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915, Vol. II, Battles of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos' by Brigadier-General J.E. Edmonds.

Memorial statue to Edith Cavell, executed for helping British soldiers in Belgium reach neutral Netherlands. She was executed by firing squad in Brussels, Belgium on October 12, 1915.
Sited in St. Martin's Place, London, the pedestal on which her statue stands is placed before a column, square at the base and rounded above her head. On the four sides of the lower column are the words 'Humanity,' 'Sacrifice,' 'Devotion,' 'Fortitude.' The inscription on the front of the pedestal reads:
'Edith Cavell
Brussels Dawn October 12th 1915
Patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness for anyone.'
The quotation is from her conversation with the English chaplain, Mr. Gahan, who was with her before her execution.
At the top of the column a mother and child replace the top of a cross. Below them is a shield reading 'For King and Country.'
The memorial was designed by Sir George Frampton. © 2014 John M. Shea

'Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red' — the Tower of London poppies — each of the 888,246 ceramic poppies representing one serviceman of the British Empire killed in World War I. The installation was a collaboration of artist Paul Cummins and stage designer Tom Piper. Since November, 2014 the poppies have been installed in other sites in the United Kingdom. Photographed October 3, 2014. © 2014 by John M. Shea

Postwar postcard map of the Balkans including Albania, newly-created Yugoslavia, expanded Romania, and diminished former Central Powers Bulgaria and Turkey. The first acquisitions of Greece in its war against Turkey are seen in Europe where it advanced almost to Constantinople, in the Aegean Islands from Samos to Rhodes, and on the Turkish mainland from its base in Smyrna. The Greco-Turkish war was fought from May 1919 to 1922. The positions shown held from the war's beginning to the summer of 1920 when Greece advanced eastward. Newly independent Hungary and Ukraine appear in the northwest and northeast.

Quotations found: 7

Sunday, October 10, 1915

"In 'carping at our victory' in a letter of a week ago, for which you scold me, I share and expressed a general feeling out here. An angrier lot of men never was than the infantry I had been speaking to for a week before writing. They cursed our 'Cavalry Generals' from their hearts. Still, if the Censor at the Base had opened my letter . . . Since then there have been questions in Parliament about Hill 70. It is only an item in what has been lost; in fact, most of the gain has been undone. A good thing too, in a way, for the 'great advance' that set London mafficking, and sundry bigwigs wiring congratulations to each other, would have left us with just such another running sore as our sentimental Salient.'" ((1), more)

Monday, October 11, 1915

"Despite poor visibility, artillery firing began on October 11 [1915] at 1400 hours, and the infantry assault occurred at 1615. The daily log in Foch's headquarters recorded the result: 'progress was almost nil, and the attack did not yield the expected results. Preparation by heavy artillery insufficient. Attack conducted by exhausted or already sorely tried troops. Enemy forewarned and strongly reinforced with artillery, unleashing at the slightest indication of attack terrible [artillery] barrages.' . . . In a letter to Joffre, Foch blamed the failure on 'insufficient' preparatory fire. He explained that Tenth Army had fired 73,000 rounds of heavy artillery for the attack on September 24-25 but only 21,600 rounds on October 10-11." ((2), more)

Tuesday, October 12, 1915

". . . soldiers had come to her and asked to be helped to the frontier; that knowing the risks she had helped them. She said she had nothing to regret, no complaint to make, and that is she had to do it all over again, she would change nothing. And most pathetic of all was her statement that she thanked God for the six weeks she had passed in prison—the nearest approach to rest she had known for years.

They partook together of the Holy Communion, and she who had so little need for preparation was prepared for death. She was free from resentment and said: 'I realise that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness toward any one.'

She was taken out and shot before daybreak.

She was denied the support of her own clergyman at the end, but a German military chaplain stayed with her and gave her burial within the precincts of the prison. He did not conceal his admiration and said: 'She was courageous to the end. She professed her Christian faith and said that she was glad to die for her country. She died like a heroine.'" ((3), more)

Wednesday, October 13, 1915

"The airship was clearly seen crossing the Thames as she was pick up almost immediately by two searchlights. The big guns added to the Wagnerian scene as the silver dirigible nosed its way from over New Palace Yard to Green Park. Breithaupt and his crew had a different view. Although he later said it was indescribably beautiful, it must have been fantastic and disconcerting as shrapnel burst all around, pasting sequins against the velvet sky. Then, from the gondolas they could see their bombs bursting in the streets while British guns snapped slim tongues of flame. When they raised their eyes from below and looked around they saw balanced on searchlights the other airships of the formation, 'all clearly recognizable against the starlit sky.'

Breithaupt headed straight for the heart of London. He made Charing Cross his first impact point, and headed for the Bank of England with intent to plaster Fleet Street and Ludgate Hill. His first bombs struck the theatre district north of the Strand. The historic Lyceum Theatre, where Henry Irving and Ellen Terry had acted, was hit. A bomb dropped in Wellington Street, fractured a gas main and set fire to the escaping gas. Seventeen people were killed in that blast. York Street was also hit, as was the front of the Waldorf Hotel. One bomb fell in the Kingsway, a few hit the Inns of Court, and one incendiary torched the robing room at Gray's Inn." ((4), more)

Thursday, October 14, 1915

"Bulgaria threw off the mask of neutrality on October 11th [1915], declaring war against Serbia on the pretext that the Serbians had crossed the frontier and attacked Bulgarian troops. An army of 200,000 under General Boyadjieff, occupied a line along the frontier from Viden to Zaribrod, threatening the Belgrade-Sofia Railroad. A second army, 100,000 strong, under Gen. Teodoroff, faced toward Macedonia, with the railroad center of Uskub as its main objective. By seizing Uskub, they would be able to drive a wedge into Serbia from east to west and close the natural path of retreat.

Opposing these great armies on the Eastern frontier, Serbia had a force of 100,000 men." ((5), more)

Quotation contexts and source information

Sunday, October 10, 1915

(1) London was mafficking, celebrating with extravagant public displays, a victory in the Battle of Loos, when many of the hopes of September 25 had already been lost, in costly renewals of the attack on September 26, 27, and 28, and in German counter attacks on October 3 and 8. An entry from October 10, 1915 from the writings — diaries, letters, and memoirs — of Captain J.C. Dunn, Medical Officer of the Second Battalion His Majesty's Twenty-Third Foot, The Royal Welch Fusiliers. The 'sentimental Salient' is likely Ypres, where the British had suffered, and continued to suffer, heavy casualties. Dunn was no less bitter in the coming days. On May 17, 1900, British troops relieved the 217-day siege of Mafeking during the Boer War.

The War the Infantry Knew 1914-1919 by Captain J.C. Dunn, page 162, copyright © The Royal Welch Fusiliers 1987, publisher: Abacus (Little, Brown and Company, UK), publication date: 1994

Monday, October 11, 1915

(2) French Commander Joffre's great offensive of autumn 1915, while having some success, had failed to achieve the breakthrough he had hoped for in the French offensive in Champagne and the Anglo-French attacks in Artois. French General Foch wrote of the failure in the Third Battle of Artois. It had already become clear that extensive preliminary artillery bombardments were required for attacks. But in the autumn battles, even if adequate shells were available on the first day, they were lacking in followup attacks.

Pyrrhic Victory; French Strategy and Operations in the Great War by Robert A. Doughty, pp. 200, 201, copyright © 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College, publisher: Harvard University Press, publication date: 2005

Tuesday, October 12, 1915

(3) Final paragraphs from 'The Case of Miss Edith Cavell' from A Journal from our Legation in Belgium by Hugh Gibson, Secretary to the American Legation in Brussels, Belgium. Englishwoman Edith Cavell was director of a large nursing home in Brussels, Belgium who helped French and British soldiers and Belgian men from occupied Belgium to neutral Netherlands. Cavell was arrested on August 5, 1915, and Gibson had been trying to assist her since learning of the case in late August or early September. During her October 7 and 8 trial, she admitted that some of the men had written her from England to thank her, evidence used to make the claim she had conducted soldiers to the enemy. Cavell was found guilty, and executed by firing squad on October 12, 1915. Gibson's published journal ends with the December 31, 1914 entry, with the case of Ms. Cavell, previously published in 'World's Work' as a final chapter.

A Journal from our Legation in Belgium by Hugh Gibson, page 362, copyright © Copyright, 1917, by Doubleday, Page & Company, publisher: Doubleday, Page & Company, publication date: 1917

Wednesday, October 13, 1915

(4) The Zeppelins LZ.11, 13, 14, 15, and 16 raided England the night of October 13, 1915 under the command of Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant Commander) Heinrich Mathy of the German Naval Air Service. Four of the five, other than LZ.11, reached London. Joachim Breithaupt commanded LZ.15. London's defenses included a new French antiaircraft weapon just arrived from Paris that fired a shell capable of exploding at a predetermined height, and a B.E.2c plane piloted by Lieutenant John Slessor, that set out to intercept the German airships. Neither the gun nor the plane damaged the Zeppelins, but did alarm their pilots enough to cause them to begin setting a course for home. Arch Whitehouse's account of the raid notes that it 'was one of the deadliest of the war,' killing 71 people and injuring 128.

The Zeppelin Fighters by Arch Whitehouse, page 104, copyright © 1966 by Arch Whitehouse, publisher: New English Library, publication date: 1978

Thursday, October 14, 1915

(5) In September 1915, Bulgaria's two armies were positioned along its border with Serbia. Tenaciously battling the German and Austro-Hungarian forces that had invaded the country on October 6 and seized the capital of Belgrade the next day, Serbia had approximately 100,000 troops to defend its eastern border. By October 14, Bulgarian forces invaded Serbia, threatening not only the Serbian government that had fled to Nish, but more importantly the rail line from Serbia to Greece and the potential for men and supplies from the Anglo-British forces that had recently landed at Salonika. From Belgrade, the railway ran to Nish, where one branch forked east to Sofia, capital of Bulgaria, and the other continued south to Uskub.

King's Complete History of the World War by W.C. King, page 187, copyright © 1922, by W.C. King, publisher: The History Associates, publication date: 1922

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