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Skulls, bones, helmets, rifle parts in a trench at Verdun, a ravine of death.
Austrian postcard of the inundations at Nieuport, Belgium, with soldiers at the flood barrier. Driven to a corner of Belgium by Germany's advance, the Belgians tried to make a stand on the Yser Canal in the flat terrain of Flanders. Driven back, they retreated behind the railway embankment that ran from Nieuport on the coast to Dixmude 20 miles inland. On October 27, 1914 they opened the locks to flood the plain before them, a process that took several days. Unable to break through, the Germans abandoned the Battle of the Yser on October 31.
Headstone of an unknown soldier of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Delville Wood Cemetery. Union of South Africa troops began the assault at Delville Wood on July 15, 1916. It was finally taken in September. On the headstone is superimposed the poem 'To My Daughter Betty, the Gift of God' by Lieutenant Tom Kettle of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, killed in action on September 9, 1916 at Guillemont, France, in the Battle of the Somme. He has no known grave. © 2013 John M. Shea
The rulers of the Central Powers stumped by Verdun. Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary, Mohammed V of Turkey, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, and Czar Ferdinand of Bulgaria puzzle over a map labeled "Verdun." The ink and watercolor drawing is dated March 4, 1916. By R. DLC?The German assault on Verdun began on February 21, 1916 and continued through August.
Map of the Trentino, part of "Italia Irredenta," unredeemed Italy: Venezia Tridentina (Trentino and Alto Adige)
"The weather is fine here. It is sad to think about death when you're in good health. What's the good of it all? What's the point of the wholesale wiping out of masses of decent fellows who only want to live peacefully with their families? It's the madness, the wickedness, and the idiocy of a minority which is oppressing the masses—set of sheep that we are!" ((1), more)
"On May 11 [1916], an air accident took the life of the mastermind behind France's fighter effort up to that point. Having turned down offers of a bomber command or a joint fighter and bomber command, Commandant de Rose had convinced the military authorities that the French fighter arm should have a free hand to preemptively seize control of the air over any critical area of the front, taking on defensive or escort roles as secondary options as needed. Upon his return to the Verdun sector, he was doing a demonstration flight for the Ve Armée's new quartermaster-general when his Nieuport suddenly crashed." ((2), more)
"But believing as I do that any action would be justified which would put a stop to this colossal crime now being perpetrated, I feel compelled to express the hope that ere long we may read of the paralysing of the internal transport service on the continent, even should the act of paralysing necessitate the erection of Socialist barricades and acts of rioting by Socialist soldiers and sailors, as happened in Russia in 1905.Even an unsuccessful attempt at social revolution by force of arms, following the paralysis of the economic life of militarism, would be less disastrous to the Socialist cause than the act of Socialists in allowing themselves to be used in the slaughter of their brothers in the causes." ((3), more)
"Two other sections went up to reinforce other companies on the firing line. The 4th Section, to which I belonged, was sent to observe on the slope of Cote 304 facing the Mort Homme.Everything was sinister in these places, but this place was even worse, if that's possible. At the bottom of the ravine, where the ruisseau [stream] des Forges flowed, shells of every caliber, fired by both sides, fell without respite. This dark abyss seemed like a volcano in constant eruption, and there we were, hanging right on its rim.Our mission consisted of maintaining liaison, by patrols, with the troops who held the facing slopes. But these patrols took place only on paper, in fictional reports. In reality, the patrols had ceased after three days—there was no one to send out on patrol." ((4), more)
"With nothing more than a rifle, a bayonet, and two packs of cartridges in our pockets, the two of us headed out. A sliver of moonlight shone the way for us, across a terrain as pockmarked as a kitchen strainer. In some places the ground was worked over, slashed and overturned as if by a recent earthquake. Any living thing had been snuffed out.After covering a few hundred meters of this chaotic terrain, our senses were able to discern the limits of this immeasurable horizon of nothingness. We thought we were lost in the middle of an immense desert. It was impossible for us to tell from where we had come and where we were going. Crouched in a shell crater, we sought in vain to orient ourselves by flares, or by the sound of artillery batteries firing." ((5), more)
(1) A soldier's letter, one of two quoted by Michel Corday, a senior civil servant in the French government in his diary entry for May 10, 1916. Corday observed that, 'the newspapers have printed only the heroic soldiers' letters.'
The Paris Front: an Unpublished Diary: 1914-1918 by Michel Corday, page 164, copyright © 1934, by E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publisher: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., publication date: 1934
(2) Escadrille or Squadron 12 was formed in 1912 at Reims, France, under the command of Jean Baptiste Marie Charles de Tricornot de Rose. In February 1915, the 12 took the name MS 12 for the Morane-Saulnier Parasols that replaced earlier planes. On September 21, 1915, equipped with the Nieuport 11, the Bébé, the escadrille was designated N.12, the first single-seat fighter squadron. It was attached to the French Fifth (or Vème) Army.
The Origin of the Fighter Aircraft by Jon Gutman, pp. 52, 53, copyright © 2009 Jon Gutman, publisher: Westholme Publishing, publication date: 2009
(3) James Connolly in the magazine Forward, August 15, 1914 as war spread across Europe. Connolly was a labor leader who had founded the Irish Citizens Army to defend workers against assaults by the police, such as those that had occurred during the Dublin Lockout of 1913, which left four workers dead, hundreds injured, and 400 imprisoned. Connolly was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising, a signer of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic read from the steps of the rebels headquarters at the General Post Office on Sackville Street, and Commandant General and Commander Dublin Division Irish Volunteers. Connolly was badly wounded in the leg on April 27, a wound that led to gangrene, and was carried from the G.P.O. in a stretcher. British Commander John Maxwell was determined to execute all signers of the proclamation of the Republic despite efforts by British Prime Minister Asquith to halt further executions after the first seven. Unable to stand, Connolly was shot seated in a chair on May 12, 1916. Sèan MacDermott was executed the same day, the last of the Dublin executions for the insurrection.
Revolution in Ireland by Conor Kostick, pp. 22, 23, copyright © Conor Kostick 1996, publisher: Pluto Press, publication date: 1996
(4) Excerpt from the Notebooks of French Infantry Corporal Louis Barthas who had rotated into the Verdun sector on May 6, 1916, and moved to the front line on May 11. Our quotation is from May 13. Barthas' unit was on Hill 304, facing the hill of Mort-Homme. What trenches there are simply come to an end leaving gaps of up to 400 meters between sections and companies. 'No one knew whether we had Germans or Frenchmen in front of us,' he writes. His language gives some sense of the horror of the Battle of Verdun: 'debris,' 'shredded', 'pulverized,' 'torn to bits.' The chaos and shelling exceed anything Barthas has seen in 20 months in the front lines.
Poilu: The World War I Notebooks of Corporal Louis Barthas, Barrelmaker, 1914-1918 by Louis Barthas, page 194, copyright © 2014 by Yale University, publisher: Yale University Press, publication date: 2014
(5) Excerpt from the Notebooks of French Infantry Corporal Louis Barthas who had rotated into the Verdun sector on May 6, 1916, and moved to the front line on May 11. He is describing events the night of May 14 when Barthas and his sergeant go on patrol to find out whether French or German soldiers are ahead of them on Hill 304, facing the hill of Mort-Homme. The French had lost and then regained round on Hill 304 in the preceding days. They come upon a ration detail from Barthas' former company, and he learns of the death of several old comrades. As they continue stumbling in the night through shell holes and sections of unconnected trenches, a soldier is killed by a machine gun bullet fired from Mort-Homme.
Poilu: The World War I Notebooks of Corporal Louis Barthas, Barrelmaker, 1914-1918 by Louis Barthas, page 196, copyright © 2014 by Yale University, publisher: Yale University Press, publication date: 2014
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