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John Bull, symbol of Great Britain and here a bird-catcher, tries to entice the kingdom of Romania, in 1915 a neutral nation, into his trap. He already has Russia by the nose, and the plucked cock of France and an Italian fowl close at hand. Neutral (and wise) Greece rests out of reach, while Bulgaria sings to the Islamic crescent moon of Turkey. In the background Turkish, German, and Austro-Hungarian soldiers meet at a crossroads. Carved into the tree is a heart dated 1915, and the initials 'F A R', perhaps for 'France aime Russie:' France loves Russia.
An Italian postcard map of central and southern Africa with insets for New Guinea and Kiautschau, China, with the colonies of Italy, Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Germany, and Belgium.
Postwar postcard map of the Balkans including Albania, newly-created Yugoslavia, expanded Romania, and diminished former Central Powers Bulgaria and Turkey. The first acquisitions of Greece in its war against Turkey are seen in Europe where it advanced almost to Constantinople, in the Aegean Islands from Samos to Rhodes, and on the Turkish mainland from its base in Smyrna. The Greco-Turkish war was fought from May 1919 to 1922. The positions shown held from the war's beginning to the summer of 1920 when Greece advanced eastward. Newly independent Hungary and Ukraine appear in the northwest and northeast.
A map of the Russian-Turkish front from Der Weltkrieg 1914-1918, a 1930s German history of the war illustrated with hand-pasted cigarette cards, showing the Turkish Empire in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas and the Persian Gulf. To the west is Egypt, a British dominion; to the east Persia. Erzerum in Turkey and Kars in Russia were the great fortresses on the frontier.
1898 map of St. Petersburg, the Russian capital, from a German atlas. Central St Petersburg, or Petrograd, is on the Neva River. Key landmarks include the Peter and Paul Fortress, which served as a prison, Nevski Prospect, a primary boulevard south of the Fortress, the Finland Train Station, east of the Fortress, where Lenin made his triumphal return, the Tauride (Taurisches) Palace, which housed the Duma and later the Petrograd Soviet.
"Night had fallen once more, a night bringing thaw, the sky livid and heavy with clouds; slabs of snow saturated with water hung dripping from the tall trees like the linen of some giant washing-day, or crashed to the ground with a muffled thud like peaches bursting where they fell; rivulets of water trickled everywhere; the earth seemed to have been taken under some mysterious and mighty wing, bringer of warm air and sounds of stirring, and over everything hung a kind of anguish as if something was being born or dying.At the dark mouth of the pear-tree fork, the little white shirtfront had appeared like a silent snowfall from a higher branch, and picking her way slowly, Fuseline came to the ground." ((1), more)
"The men gathered on the platform [at Waterloo Station, London] make up the main body of a battalion of volunteers, the 25th Royal Fusiliers, and they are just setting off on their long journey to East Africa. They already know that it is not easy for European units to work in that part of Africa but the majority of the uniformed men here already have experience in hot climates and difficult terrain. 'This old Legion of Frontiersmen' come from places as varied as Hong Kong, China and Ceylon, Malacca, India and New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and Egypt; the battalion includes both former polar explorers and former cowboys. . . .At two o'clock the train rolls out of Waterloo Station. The destination is Plymouth, where a steamer, HMTS Neuralia, is waiting. It will take them all the way to East Africa." ((2), more)
". . . I asked [Goremykin, President of the Russian Council] about a matter that has been on my mind for some time, the question of the Ukraine. He broke in:'There is no Ukrainian question!''But even if there's no Ukrainian question, or perhaps I should say no separatist movement in the Ukraine, you won't deny that there's a very strong particularist spirit in Little Russia.''Oh, yes! The Little Russians have a very original individual character. Their ideas, literature, and songs have a very pronounced flavor of the soil. But that only shows itself in the intellectual sphere. From the national point of view the Ukrainians are as Russian as the purest Muscovites. And from the economic point of view the Ukraine is necessarily tied to Russia.'" ((3), more)
"Early in April [1915], 30,000 British troops had been dispatched from India, under command of Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. E. Nixon, and the entire British forces were placed at three points — Kurna, Ahwas, and Shaiba. An army of Turks, 40,000 strong, led by German officers, attacked these positions on April 11th.For two days the Turks bombarded Kurna, but besides battering the bridge across the Tigris River, the shell-fire had little effect. The British gunboat Odin, and the fire of the shore batteries, succeeded in dispersing the Turkish boats on the river. At Ahwas, large bodies of Turkish cavalry appeared, but did not attack." ((4), more)
". . . there was a terrific explosion which shook all the windows of the room and made the chandeliers quiver. At the same time a huge cloud of purple smoke rose across the Neva, east of Petrograd. . . . A few less violent explosions followed. The flames of the conflagration illuminated the horizon. There could be no doubt; the great Okhta works — the most important of the factories for the manufacture of explosives, catridges, propellants, fuses, and grenades from which the Russian army is supplied — had been destroyed." ((5), more)
(1) Extract from De Goupil à Margot, by French writer Louis Pergaud, translated by Siân Reynolds. Fusiline, 'the white shirtfront,' is a beech or stone marten, and has survived through the winter by, in part, raiding a hen house, and slaying all the hens. She has since found a single egg in the same spot each night. On this night, leaping for the egg, one of her forepaws is caught in a steel trap. In pain, fear, and desperation, expecting a man to appear to shoot her, she breaks her leg and bites through the flesh to escape, leaving her paw.Leading an attack in Lorraine on the night of April 7-8, 1915, Pergaud was caught in German barbed wire, shot in the foot, and taken prisoner. On the morning of the 8th he was given medical treatment and held with other French wounded. A French artillery barrage killed him and his wounded comrades.
The Lost Voices of World War I, An International Anthology of Writers, Poets and Playwrights by Tim Cross, page 285, copyright © 1989 by The University of Iowa, publisher: University of Iowa Press, publication date: 1989
(2) Soldiers and civilians waiting for a train a Waterloo Station, London. The 25th Royal Fusiliers includes big-game hunters, men who have deserted other units to join, men who are over-aged, veterans of the Boer War, and one who had been in the Canadian wilderness and learned of the war three months after it started. The unit is considered so experienced, it is never given military training. As evening turns to night, and no trains come, the civilians depart. When the train does come, it brings with it police seeking the deserters, who hide, but then depart with the train. The men were bound for British East Africa where Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck led a guerilla campaign from German East Africa. 'HMTS' is 'His Majesty's Troop Ship'.
The Beauty and the Sorrow: An Intimate History of the First World War by Peter Englund, pp. 100, 102, copyright © 2009 by Peter England, publisher: Vintage Books, publication date: 2012
(3) Excerpt from the entry for Saturday, April 10, 1915 from the memoirs of Maurice Paléologue, the French Ambassador in Russia. The Ambassador presses Goremykin pointing out that Austria-Hungary is supporting a Ukrainian national movement which has a society in Vienna and publishes in neutral Switzerland. Goremykin dismisses their efforts, claiming they have tried and failed to influence peasants and workers in sugar factories in Kiev and Berdichev, and that the authorities regularly confiscate socialist tracts from the same group.
An Ambassador's Memoirs Vol. I by Maurice Paléologue, pp. 328, 329, publisher: George H. Doran Company, publication date: 1925
(4) British and Indian troops defeated the Turks in the November 11 to 21, 1914 Battle of Basra in Mesopotamia, part of the Ottoman Empire. The forces retreated up the Shat el-Arab to Qurna (Kornah or Kurna) at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers which the British took on December 9, 1914. An oil pipe line ran from Ahwaz and the oil fields in Persia to Basra, a commercial and communications center, and the Persian Gulf. On April 12, an army of Turks, Kurds, and Arabs attacked British forces at Shaiba, four miles west of Basra. Turkish forces broke of the attack after three days, reportedly because of a mirage: an approaching British train appeared to be a large body of reinforcements.
King's Complete History of the World War by W.C. King, page 198, copyright © 1922, by W.C. King, publisher: The History Associates, publication date: 1922
(5) Excerpt from the entry for Monday, April 12, 1915 from the memoirs of Maurice Paléologue, French Ambassador in Russia. The Ambassador was about to dine with one of his military attachés and two French officers with the munitions mission to Russia when Russia's Okhta munitions plant was blown up. Russia had inadequate munitions to support its offensives against the Central Powers, and was planning one against Silesia in southeastern Germany.
An Ambassador's Memoirs Vol. I by Maurice Paléologue, page 329, publisher: George H. Doran Company, publication date: 1925
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