Embossed postcard of the flag and coins of Russia, with fixed exchange rates for major currencies including Germany, Austria-Hungary, England, the Latin Monetary Union, Netherlands, and the United States of America. The Russian Ruble equaled 100 Kopeks. Tsar Nicholas II is on the obverse of most of the gold and silver coins; Tsar Alexander III is on the 7 1/2 ruble gold piece.
Image text:
A bird's eye view of the Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli Front, showing the Gully leading to the shore and hospital. From 'Gallipoli' by John Masefield.
Image text: A bird's-eye view, showing the way through the Gully to the hospital at Anzac.
German troops feeding hungry Russians as if they were livestock. The Russians have dropped what weapons they have. Russian soldiers were under-supplied, and, as Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary battled across their land, Russian civilians were displaced, homeless, and starving.
Image text: Der Weltkrieg 1914. No. 12.Von der russischen Grenze: Täglich Fütterung sämtlicher RaubtiereThe World War 1914. No. 12.From the Russian border: daily feeding of all the beastsReverse:Albert Ebner Kunstanstalt, MünchenAlbert Ebner Art Institute, Munich
"Budapest, 1918: protesters break windows at the Imperial German Consulate General for Hungary." Hand-painted watercolor postcard by Schima Martos, showing the shield of the Imperial German Consulate General for Hungary bearing the imperial eagle between two broken windows, glass still falling to the ground.
Image text: Kaiserlich Deutsches General Consulat für Ungarn; Budapesten 1918Imperial German Consulate General for Hungary; Budapest, 1918
"During the last nine days there has been heavy fighting on the left bank of the Vistula, in the sector between the Bzura and the Ravka. On January 2 the Germans succeeded in carrying the important Borjymov position : their front is thus no more than sixty kilometres from Warsaw.This situation comes in for very strong comment in Moscow, if I am to credit the information given me by an English journalist who was dining in the Slaviansky Bazaar only yesterday: 'In all the drawing-rooms and clubs at Moscow,' he said, 'there is great irritation at the turn military events are taking. No one can understand this suspension of all our attacks and these continuous retreats which look as if they would never end. But it is not the Grand Duke Nicholas who gets the blame but the Emperor and still more the Empress. The most absurd stories are told about Alexandra Feodorovna ; Rasputin is accused of being in German pay and the Tsaritsa is simply called the Niemka [the German woman] . . . '" ((1), more)
"On 7 January [1916], von Sanders delivered the first attack of his campaign to drive the British forces from Helles. At midday a massive bombardment fell on 13 Division at Gully Spur, which was countered by the few guns remaining on short and by the navy off-shore. At 4 p.m., two enormous onshore Turkish mines were exploded at Gully Spur, and the bombardment increased in intensity. Shortly afterwards the Turks charged, but the British machine-guns were still intact and the navy, unhampered by concerns over ammunition usage, cut down the Turkish troops before they made any progress. By 6 p.m. the fighting was over." ((2), more)
"All this time, from December, 1916 to February, 1917, the Russian front was comparatively quiet, furious snowstorms preventing the advance either of our own or the enemy's forces. Alas! The storms interfered also with railroad transport and Petrograd and Moscow were beginning to feel the pinch of hunger, a fact that gave their Majesties constant concern." ((3), more)
"A wire had just come in reporting demonstrations in Budapest against Germany. The windows of the German Consulate were broken, a clear indication of the state of feeling which would arise if the peace were to be lost through our demands." ((4), more)
(1) Entry from the memoirs of Maurice Paléologue, French Ambassador to Russia, for Thursday, January 7, 1915. By that date, the Russians had invaded and fled East Prussia, and seized and yielded Galicia in Austria-Hungary. German and Austro-Hungarian forces were advancing for the third time into Polish Russia. Grand Duke Nicholas was Commander of the Russian Army. Paléologue goes on to defend the German-born Empress Alexandra, noting that she lived in England from the age of six when her mother died, and that, 'in her inmost being she has become entirely Russian.'
An Ambassador's Memoirs Vol. I by Maurice Paléologue, page 238, publisher: George H. Doran Company, publication date: 1925
(2) The Allies were abandoning their Gallipoli campaign, when German General Liman von Sanders, commanding Turkish forces on the Gallipoli peninsula. Having already evacuated their positions at Suvla Bay and Anzac Cove to the north, British forces held only Cape Helles at the end of the peninsula. French, French colonial, and some British and Empire forces had already left, leaving a force that feared such an attack. Sanders claimed to have gained some ground. In his Gallipoli, Alan Moorehead claims that, after a few minutes and many dead, the Turkish infantry refused to charge.
Gallipoli — Attack from the Sea by Victor Rudenno, page 263, copyright © 2008 Victor Rudenno, publisher: Yale University Press, publication date: 2008
(3) Extract from the memoir of Anna Viroubova, confidant to the Empress Alexandra, and one of the few people, other than Rasputin, the Empress associated with. Viroubova writes that Tsar Nicholas was engrossed in planning spring offensives. Petrograd, the capital, and Moscow were the two most important cities in the Russian Empire.
Memories of the Russian Court by Anna Viroubova, page 196, copyright © 1923 by The MacMillan Company, publisher: The MacMillan Company, publication date: 1923
(4) Excerpt from the entry for January 7, 1918 by Austro-Hungarian Count Ottokar Czernin in his In the World War, on the stalemate at the Brest-Litovsk peace conference between Russia and the Central Powers. Earlier in the day the Russian delegation returned to the conference under the new leadership of Leon Trotsky. The delegation immediately sent a message that its members would no longer share meals with their counterparts. Although Czernin was prepared to make peace with no annexations, the German negotiators were not.
In the World War by Count Ottokar Czernin, page 259, copyright © 1920, by Harper & Brothers, publisher: Harper and Brothers, publication date: 1920
