A Swiss postcard of 'The European War' in 1914. The Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary face enemies to the east, west, and south. Germany is fighting the war it tried to avoid, battling Russia to the east and France to the west. Germany had also hoped to avoid fighting England which came to the aid of neutral (and prostrate) Belgium, and straddles the Channel. Austria-Hungary also fights on two fronts, against Russia to the east and Serbia and Montenegro to the south. Italy, the third member of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, declared neutrality, and looks on. Other neutral nations include Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. Japan enters from the east to battle Germany. The German Fleet stays close to port in the North and Baltic Seas while a German Zeppelin targets England. The Austro-Hungarian Fleet keeps watch in the Adriatic. Turkey is not represented, and entered the war at the end of October, 1914; Italy in late May, 1915.
Image text: Der Europäische KriegThe European WarReverse:Kriegskarte No. 61. Verlag K. Essig, BaselKunstanstalt (Art Institute) Frobenius A.G. Basel
Detail from Cram's 1903 Railway Map of the Austro-Hungarian Empire showing Transylvania.
Image text: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
Headstones from Martinpuich Cemetery, Martinpuich, France: for J. Reid of the Royal Field Artillery, died October 6, 1916, and R.E. Bullows of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, died November 11, 1916. Martinpuich was in the Somme sector. © 2013 John M. Shea
Image text: 54766 DriverJ. ReidRoyal Field Artillery6th October 1916Known to be Buried in this Cemetery3009 Lance Cpl.R.E. BullowsRoyal Warwickshire Rgmt.11th November 1916 Age 22Greater love hath no man than this
View of Moscow, the Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral along the Moskva River. The message on the reverse was dated from Moscow May 29, 1914 (new style); multiple postmarks May 17 (old style; May 30 new style) and May 21 (old style; June 3 new style).
Image text: Москва-Кремль Moscou-KremlinVue généraleReverse:Message dated from Moscow May 29, 1914 (new style); multiple postmarks May 17 (old style; May 30 new style) and May 21 (old style; June 3 new style)
On May 23, 1915 Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, its former ally as a member of the Triple Alliance. Clasping the hands of the German and Austro-Hungarian emperors Wilhelm II and Franz Josef, Italy's king Victor Emmanuel III conceals the tattered document behind his back.
Image text: Ihr Völker merkt für jetzt und späterSo schwor zum Dreibund der VerräterYour people note both now and later,Thus swore to the Triple Alliance the traitor.Reverse:Militäramtlich genehmigt (Officially approved by the military)Logo: EMM No. 9
"The 8th November [1914] was dull and cloudy, but this weather was welcomed by the infantry in the trenches, for it made enemy artillery observation impossible ; nevertheless the German fire though less accurate was heavy. The fighting was of the same character as on the previous day : the enemy bombardment was continued without pause and there were frequent and vigorous enemy infantry attacks. According to a captured officer, the German orders were 'to attack somewhere every day', and this gives the clue to the futile and disconnected operations of the five days between the 5th and 11th November." ((1), more)
"The Serbians in Macedonia were still holding tenaciously to the Babuna and Katshanik Passes, their only remaining avenues of retreat. The Babuna Pass was defended by Col. Vassitch with a force of only 5,000 men.Here, within 10 miles of the French Army, was fought one of the most desperate battles of the Balkan War. Twenty thousand Bulgarians with heavy artillery, hurled themselves daily against the Pass during the first week in November, but were driven back at the point of the bayonet." ((2), more)
"Why are tired men given no better resting-place than this half-flooded claypit? Why does our Army now leave its dead lying about anyhow? Why does it now leave its wounded in its midst behind, or bring them out only under lethal threats? Why are men being flung against an enemy in these appalling weather conditions?—and with with far less method than our shells are flung. Were we not told a month ago of the German line having been driven in so far that its flanks must be pulled back? — it doesn't look like breaking. Our total casualties these six days are 150." ((3), more)
"By midday [on November 8, 1917], however, certain definite information was available and it was important. A bicycle battalion which had been advancing on the city to defend the government—and at this stage one battalion might have made all the difference—had halted and had come over to the Bolsheviks. In Moscow the garrison had risen against the government. And from the front there was a message to say that the Twelfth Army supported the rising. All this was great encouragement for Smolny; indeed, when the news about the Twelfth Army came in pandemonium broke out and the delegates flung their arms round one another, weeping with relief." ((4), more)
"Shortly after 7 a.m. on 8 November, Foch's Chief of Staff, Maxime Weygand, noticed a red light moving slowly through the mist. It was all he could see of the train that was carrying the German Armistice Commission . . .On 8 November, as Prince Max tried desperately to hold the country together at the end of telegraph and telephone lines that flickered and failed like the struggles of a dying man, the Social Democrats issued their ultimatum. Unless the Kaiser and the Crown Prince went, they would walk out of the Government. That night Prince Max received word that the revolution was continuing to spread. Brunswick and Munich had already gone. The authorities in Stuttgart had handed over power to Workers' and Soldiers' Councils and Cologne was expected to fall into revolutionary hands that night. It was even rumoured that sailors were marching on Berlin." ((5), more)
(1) Beginning of the description of British military operations on November 8, 1914 by J.E. Edmonds. The Battle of Ypres, the second phase of the Battle of Flanders continued. The British Expeditionary Force, with support of French troops, held the salient of Ypres, and had been subject to ongoing attacks since October 19. French reinforcements had begun arriving at the beginning of November. Along the Anglo-French line the Germans held the advantage in men, rifles, field guns, and heavy artillery.
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914, Vol. II, October-November by J. E. Edmonds, page 404, copyright © asserted, publisher: MacMillan and Co., Limited, publication date: 1925
(2) The French troops under General Maurice Sarrail that had landed at Salonika, Greece at the beginning of October, 1915 were not able to break through Bulgarian forces barring their route to Serbia. The Serbian army's only route of retreat was westward, out of the country through Albania.
King's Complete History of the World War by W.C. King, page 190, copyright © 1922, by W.C. King, publisher: The History Associates, publication date: 1922
(3) Extract from the entry for November 8, 1916 from the writings — diaries, letters, and memoirs — of Captain J.C. Dunn, Medical Officer of the Second Battalion His Majesty's Twenty-Third Foot, the Royal Welch Fusiliers, and fellow soldiers who served with him. The Battalion was then serving in the Somme sector, on the British right. In the preceding days Dunn's unit had been strafed by airplanes and soaked by rain. Unable to sleep, Dunn dried his clothes, cursed, and asked his questions.
The War the Infantry Knew 1914-1919 by Captain J.C. Dunn, page 280, copyright © The Royal Welch Fusiliers 1987, publisher: Abacus (Little, Brown and Company, UK), publication date: 1994
(4) The Bolsheviks had seized control of Petrograd the night of November 6–7 — telephone and telegraph exchanges, the State Bank, rail stations and bridges. Even as Prime Minister and Commander of the Army Alexander Kerensky was trying to rally troops to retake the capital and seize the Bolsheviks, more army units were coming out in support of the Revolution. The support of the Moscow garrison and the Twelfth Army were critical steps in securing the Bolshevik Revolution. The Smolny, a former school for girls, was the Bolshevik headquarters in Petrograd.
The Russian Revolution by Alan Moorehead, page 251, copyright © 1958 by Time, Inc., publisher: Carroll and Graf, publication date: 1989
(5) Allied Commander-in-Chief Ferdinand Foch continued attacks along the Western Front even as the Germany requested an armistice. German Chancellor Prince Max von Baden had been saddled with the job of ending a war the German High Command had belated acknowledged was lost. Rebellious sailors, some Bolsheviks, were in control of Kiel, Lübeck, Cuxhaven, Hanover, and Hamburg.
Hundred Days: The Campaign that Ended World War I by Nick Lloyd, pp. 254–255, copyright © 2014 by Nick Lloyd, publisher: Basic Books, publication date: 2014
