The poet, novelist, and political activist Gabriele d'Annunzio speaking in favor of Italy's entry into the war on the side of the Entente Allies, and against 'Giolittismo' at the Costanzi Theater in Rome, May, 1915. Giovanni Giolitti was five-time Prime Minister of Italy, and opposed intervention in the Great War. Illustration by Achille Beltrame.
The great demonstrations against the 'Giolittism'; Gabriele d'Annunzio speaks to the people of Rome, in Theatro Costanzi.
"What became the first of more than a dozen 'battles of the Isonzo' began on 23 June 1915. Enjoying numerical superiority — 18 Italian against eight Austro-Hungarian divisions — Cadorna's 460 000 soldiers of the Second and Third armies charged Archduke Eugen's Austrian positions along the Isonzo. The fighting in what Conrad called Italy's 'cowardly, despicable, treacherous predatory raid' quickly degenerated into savage hand-to-hand combat, some of it on frozen Alpine peaks in sub-zero temperatures. Both sides attacked and counterattacked, mined and countermined. Neither achieved a breakthrough. Cadorna lost 15 000 men during the First Battle of the Isonzo in June and July, and a further 42 000 during the Second Battle of the Isonzo in July and August. Another 200 000 Italian soldiers were reported either prisoners of war or simply 'missing'."
Much of the Italian-Austro-Hungarian border was mountainous with the higher ground on the Austro-Hungarian side. The Isonzo River flowed through Austria-Hungary roughly along Italy's northeastern border. The First Battle of the Isonzo was soon followed by the Second. There would ultimately be twelve, the last more famously known as the Battle of Caparetto. General Luigi Cadorna was Chief of the Italian General Staff; Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf of the Austro-Hungarian.
The First World War: Germany and Austria Hungary 1914-1918 by Holger H. Herwig, page 153, copyright © 1997 Holger H. Herwig, publisher: Arnold, publication date: 1997
1915-06-23, 1915, June, First Battle of the Isonzo, Cadorna, Conrad
