Orient's Erwachen — The East Awakens. The sun rises on a red fez, and the army of Turkey streams out, weapons at the ready. A beautiful design by Heinz Keune.
Orient's Erwachen — The East Awakenssigned: Heinz Keune
". . . the strategy of the Turkish generals was to entice the Russians across the Turkish border and by a wide encircling movement by way of Ardahan, take them in the rear and destroy them. The success of the Turkish plan depended upon holding the Russian force on Turkish soil long enough for the wide flanking movement to be accomplished in that difficult mountain terrain.The Russians, sure enough, were lured across the Turkish frontier on November 30[, 1914]. Advancing 30 miles in three columns without much opposition, they took the city of Koprikeui. There they were held while the Turkish development plan was proceeding."
Turkey went to war without a declaration, but by shelling Russian ports and sinking Russian ships in the Black Sea on October 29, 1914. Russia declared war on Turkey on November 2, and Great Britain and France followed on November 5. Turkey counter-declared war on November 11, invoking jihad. The fatwa calling all Muslims to war against the Allies found little response in the colonies of Great Britain and France. In border clashes in November, the Russians twice advanced into Turkey, but to little effect.
King's Complete History of the World War by W.C. King, page 126, copyright © 1922, by W.C. King, publisher: The History Associates, publication date: 1922
1914-11-30, 1914, November, Turkey, Koprikeui, Köprüköy, Koprukoy
