Captains and sailors of the German battleships Goeben and Breslau signing up for the Turkish Navy. After shelling Allied ports and sinking Allied ships in the Mediterranean, the two ships had entered Turkish waters at the Dardanelles on August 8, 1914. Claiming the ships and their crews as Turkish allowed Turkey to maintain a veil of neutrality for a time. This was dropped on October 29 when the ships sank a Russian gunboat in the Crimean Black Sea port of Odessa. The postcard's caption compares the captain to Leonidas who died leading the Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 during Xerxes's invasion in the Second Persian War.
Gli eroi della Goeben e della BreslauThe heroes of the Goeben and Breslau - Desideran signori?- Il testamento Vogliam dettar.- Sono a' vosti comandi, Nobili cuori! All'epico cimento Leonida del mar, sarete grandi!- Si; lo giuriam per tutti i patrii avelli: In fondo . . . scapperem ai Dardanelli.- What do you wish, gentlemen?- We want to dictate our wills.- I am at your service, Noble hearts! In this epic ordeal, Leonidas of the sea, you will be great!- Yes, we swear it on the graves of our countrymen: In the end … we will escape to the Dardanelles.
November 2 to 30, 1914
Caucasus Front
In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and the 1878 Treaty of San Stefano, Russia had acquired territory between the Black Sea and Persia, shifting its border with the Ottoman Empire to the southwest from the Caucasus Mountains, incorporating the fortress of Kars and the city of Ardahan into the Empire. The frontier region was largely populated by Turks, Kurds, and Armenians, many of them Eastern Rite Christians.
The border between the Russian and Ottoman Empires ran for approximately 200 miles from the Black Sea south-southeast, and then directly east to Persia. Much of the land is mountainous. The Russian Army of the Caucasus operated independently of the armies facing Germany and Austria-Hungary, and numbered some 180,000 men in 1914, before many of them were transferred to Russia's western front for the war against Austria-Hungary and Germany. When Turkey entered the war, Russian forces in the area totaled about 80,000 men, and were stationed in the Russian fortress in Kars, in smaller towns of the frontier, along the border, and further back, in the regional capital of Tiflis (Tiblisi). Approximately 3,000 Russian troops were stationed in Persia in accordance with the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, which recognized northern Persia as a Russian sphere of influence. Russia's rail system in the region was good; Turkey's was not.
Russia's war effort was focused on Germany and Austria-Hungary rather than Turkey. Despite victory in Galicia against Austria-Hungary, Russia had suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg.
Turkey's first attacks on Russia were those of the Goeben and Breslau in the Black Sea that led to Russia's declaration of war against Turkey. With much of its army in western Turkey, mounting a land offensive against Russia was difficult.
In Constantinople, Turkish War Minister Ismail Enver Pasha, one of the Young Turks who had seized power from the Sultan in 1908, wanted to retake this land lost to Russia in 1878. On November 2, 1914, he ordered Hasan Izzet Pasha, commander of the Turkish Third Army, to invade Russia.
The same day, Hasan Pasha received his orders, Russian General Bergmann invaded Turkey with one army corps of nearly 35,000 men, aiming for the Turkish fortress city of Erzurum. Meeting some success in a battle at Köprüköy on November 6, he ignored orders from General Nikolai Yudenich, Chief of Staff for the Army of the Caucasus, and tried to continue his advance, but encountered some of Izzet Pasha's Third Army, and made little further progress. On November 12, the Turks drove him back to his starting line. A few days later, the Russians again advanced, but to little effect. Fighting stopped as winter set in. In the campaign, the Russians lost almost 7,000 men, and the Turks somewhat more.
Start Date: 1914-11-02
End Date: 1914-11-30
